---
title: headwinds — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «headwinds» in the school dictionary: wind blowing towards you as you move, which slows you down. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# headwinds

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** wind, you, problems, company, plane, cyclists · **What happens:** blow, move, slow down, slow, hurt, headwind · **To what, where:** you, growth, currency headwinds, headwinds, high prices, headwind · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«headwinds» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [headwinds in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/headwinds.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: literal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
wind blowing towards you as you move, which slows you down.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:headwinds:m1:1
# text = wind blowing towards you as you move, which slows you down.
1	wind	wind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	blowing	blow	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
3	towards	towards	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	2	obl	_	_
5	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
6	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	move	move	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
9	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	10	nsubj	_	_
10	slows	slow	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	advcl	_	_
11	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	10	obj	_	_
12	down	down	ADP	RP	_	10	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **blow** | gerund | wind |  |  |  |  | towards you | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent towards you=Recipient |
| 2 | **move** | present | you |  |  |  |  |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **slow down** | present |  | you |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent you=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: euphemism, business and economics — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
problems or difficulties that slow growth or hurt sales: «the company faced headwinds».

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:headwinds:m2:1
# text = problems or difficulties that slow growth or hurt sales: «the company faced headwinds».
1	problems	problem	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
2	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	difficulties	difficulty	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	conj	_	_
4	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	5	nsubj	_	_
5	slow	slow	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	acl:relcl	_	_
6	growth	growth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
8	hurt	hurt	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	amod	_	_
9	sales	sale	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	15	punct	_	_
11	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	company	company	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nsubj	_	_
14	faced	faced	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	headwinds	headwind	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **slow** | present | problems or difficulties | growth or hurt sales |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent growth=Patient |
| 2 | **hurt** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |
| 3 | **headwind** *in a quote* |  | the company |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our plane was late because of strong headwinds.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:headwinds:x1:1
# text = Our plane was late because of strong headwinds.
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	plane	plane	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	late	late	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	because	because	ADP	IN	ExtPos=ADP	8	case	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	fixed	_	_
7	strong	strong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	headwinds	headwind	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | Our plane |  |  |  |  | because strong headwinds; late *property* | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The cyclists struggled against the headwind.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:headwinds:x2:1
# text = The cyclists struggled against the headwind.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	cyclists	cyclist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	struggled	struggle	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	against	against	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	headwind	headwind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **struggle** | past | the cyclists |  |  |  |  | against the headwind | vn battle-36.4 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The company blamed currency headwinds for weak results.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:headwinds:x3:1
# text = The company blamed currency headwinds for weak results.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	company	company	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	blamed	blame	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	currency	currency	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	headwinds	headwind	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	weak	weak	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	results	result	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **blame** | past | the company | currency headwinds |  |  |  | for weak results | vn judgment-33.1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Agent headwind=Theme for result=Attribute |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The economy faces headwinds from high prices.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:headwinds:x4:1
# text = The economy faces headwinds from high prices.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	economy	economy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	faces	face	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	headwinds	headwind	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	from	from	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	high	high	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	prices	price	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **face** | present | the economy | headwinds |  | high prices |  |  | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme headwind=Destination |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Running into a headwind makes the race harder.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:headwinds:x5:1
# text = Running into a headwind makes the race harder.
1	Running	run	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	csubj	_	_
2	into	into	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	headwind	headwind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
5	makes	make	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	race	race	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	harder	hard	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	5	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **run** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | into a headwind *result* | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.result»: agent=Theme into headwind=Result |
| 2 | **make** | present | Running | the race |  |  |  | hard *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset race=Product |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"Headwinds" is the boss's way of saying sales are down.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:headwinds:x6:1
# text = "Headwinds" is the boss's way of saying sales are down.
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Headwinds	headwind	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	boss	boss	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	's	's	PART	POS	_	6	case	_	_
8	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
9	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
10	saying	say	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	acl	_	_
11	sales	sale	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nsubj	_	_
12	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	cop	_	_
13	down	down	ADV	RB	_	10	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Headwinds | the boss's way |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | gerund | the boss's way *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **is** | present | sales |  |  |  |  | down *property* | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The opposite of a headwind is a tailwind, which helps you.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:headwinds:x7:1
# text = The opposite of a headwind is a tailwind, which helps you.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	opposite	opposite	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	headwind	headwind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	tailwind	tailwind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
10	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	11	nsubj	_	_
11	helps	help	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	acl:relcl	_	_
12	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	11	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the opposite of a headwind | a tailwind |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **help** | present | a tailwind |  | you |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent you=Beneficiary |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A plane flying into a 50 km/h headwind at 800 km/h moves over the ground at 750 km/h.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:headwinds:x8:1
# text = A plane flying into a 50 km/h headwind at 800 km/h moves over the ground at 750 km/h.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	plane	plane	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
3	flying	fly	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	acl	_	_
4	into	into	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
6	50	50	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	7	nummod	_	_
7	km/h	km/h	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	headwind	headwind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
9	at	at	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	800	800	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	obl	_	_
11	km/h	km/h	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod:unmarked	_	_
12	moves	move	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
13	over	over	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	_
16	at	at	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	750	750	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	18	nummod	_	_
18	km/h	km/h	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	12	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fly** | gerund | a plane *not said here* |  |  | a km/h headwind |  | at 800  km/h | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme at 800=Location |
| 2 | **move** | present | a plane |  |  | the ground |  | at 750 km/h | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V PP.source PP.trajectory PP.destination»: agent=Theme over ground=Source at km/h=Trajectory |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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