---
title: heckling — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «heckling» in the school dictionary: Shouting rude remarks or questions to interrupt someone who is speaking or performing in public, such as a comedian or politician. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# heckling

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** politician, Heckling, teacher, She, binnings · **What happens:** shout, interrupt, speak, perform, heckle, mean · **To what, where:** rude remarks, someone, public, flax, comedian, referee · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«heckling» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [heckling in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/heckling.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Shouting rude remarks or questions to interrupt someone who is speaking or performing in public, such as a comedian or politician.

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:heckling:m1:1
# text = Shouting rude remarks or questions to interrupt someone who is speaking or performing in public, such as a comedian or politician.
1	Shouting	shout	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
2	rude	rude	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	remarks	remark	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	questions	question	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	conj	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	interrupt	interrupt	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	advcl	_	_
8	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	7	obj	_	_
9	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	11	nsubj	_	_
10	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
11	speaking	speak	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	8	acl:relcl	_	_
12	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	performing	perform	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	11	conj	_	_
14	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	public	public	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
17	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	20	case	_	_
18	as	as	ADP	IN	_	17	fixed	_	_
19	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	comedian	comedian	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	_
21	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
22	politician	politician	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shout** *speech: express* | gerund |  | rude remarks or questions |  |  |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent remark=Topic |
| 2 | **interrupt** | to-infinitive |  | someone |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **speak** *speech: other* | present · progressive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **perform** | gerund |  |  |  | public |  |  | vn performance-26.7 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Heckling can also mean combing flax or hemp fibres with a heckle.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:heckling:m2:1
# text = Heckling can also mean combing flax or hemp fibres with a heckle.
1	Heckling	heckle	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	nsubj	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	also	also	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	mean	mean	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	combing	comb	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	xcomp	_	_
6	flax	flax	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
8	hemp	hemp	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	fibres	fibre	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	conj	_	_
10	with	with	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	heckle	heckle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **heckle** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **mean** | can |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **comb** *not said to happen* | gerund |  | flax or hemp fibres |  |  |  | with a heckle | vn braid-41.2.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent flax=Patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The comedian dealt with the heckling very cleverly.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:heckling:x1:1
# text = The comedian dealt with the heckling very cleverly.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	comedian	comedian	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	dealt	deal	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
4	with	with	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	heckling	heckling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	very	very	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	cleverly	cleverly	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **deal** | participle |  | the comedian *not said here* |  |  |  | with the heckling; cleverly *property* | vn cope-83 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent with heckling=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
There was loud heckling during the politician's speech.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:heckling:x2:1
# text = There was loud heckling during the politician's speech.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	was	be	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	loud	loud	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	_
4	heckling	heckle	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	_
5	during	during	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	politician	politician	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	's	's	PART	POS	_	7	case	_	_
9	speech	speech	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | past |  |  |  | there |  | loud *property* | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **heckle** | gerund |  |  |  |  | during the politician's speech |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **speak** |  | the politician |  |  |  |  |  | nom speech «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Heckling the referee is not good sportsmanship.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:heckling:x3:1
# text = Heckling the referee is not good sportsmanship.
1	Heckling	heckle	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	7	csubj	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	referee	referee	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
5	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	7	advmod	_	_
6	good	good	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	sportsmanship	sportsmanship	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **heckle** | gerund |  | the referee |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **not** **is a** | present | Heckling | good sportsmanship |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In Parliament, heckling can get very noisy.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:heckling:x4:1
# text = In Parliament, heckling can get very noisy.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	Parliament	Parliament	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	heckling	heckle	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	nsubj	_	_
5	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
6	get	get	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
7	very	very	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	noisy	noisy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **heckle** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **get** | can |  |  |  | Parliament |  | noisy *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The teacher stopped the heckling in the school debate.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:heckling:x5:1
# text = The teacher stopped the heckling in the school debate.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	stopped	stop	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	heckling	heckling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	debate	debate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stop** | past | the teacher | the heckling |  | the school debate |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Affector heckling=Eventuality |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She kept calm despite the heckling.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:heckling:x6:1
# text = She kept calm despite the heckling.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	kept	keep	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	calm	calm	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	_
4	despite	despite	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	heckling	heckling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **keep** | past | She |  |  |  |  | despite the heckling; calm *property* | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Heckling is combing it with a heckle or wooden comb; binnings are halters for cattle made of sprit or rushes.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:heckling:x7:1
# text = Heckling is combing it with a heckle or wooden comb; binnings are halters for cattle made of sprit or rushes.
1	Heckling	heckling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	combing	comb	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	obj	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	heckle	heckle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
9	wooden	wooden	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	comb	comb	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
12	binnings	binning	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	nsubj	_	_
13	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	cop	_	_
14	halters	halter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
15	for	for	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	cattle	cattle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	nmod	_	_
17	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	16	acl	_	_
18	of	of	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	sprit	sprit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	_
20	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
21	rushes	rush	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	17	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **comb** | present · progressive | Heckling | it |  |  |  | with a heckle or wooden comb | vn braid-41.2.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Patient |
| 2 | **is a** | present | binnings | halters |  |  |  | for cattle | tree rules |
| 3 | **make** | participle |  | cattle *not said here* |  |  |  | of sprit | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |
| 4 | **rush** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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