---
title: hereby — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «hereby» in the school dictionary: Hereby means «by this statement, letter or document» — the words themselves make something happen. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# hereby

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** words, something, I, We, queen, certificate · **What happens:** mean, make, happen, use, declare, invite · **To what, where:** statement, something, It, official announcements, library, You · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«hereby» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [hereby in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/hereby.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: formal, law — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Hereby means «by this statement, letter or document» — the words themselves make something happen.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hereby:m1:1
# text = Hereby means «by this statement, letter or document» — the words themselves make something happen.
1	Hereby	hereby	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	by	by	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	6	det	_	_
6	statement	statement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	letter	letter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	document	document	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	6	punct	_	_
12	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	16	punct	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	nsubj	_	_
15	themselves	themselves	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	14	nmod	_	_
16	make	make	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
17	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	16	obj	_	_
18	happen	happen	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	16	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present |  | this statement and letter or document |  |  |  | hereby *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent statement=Topic |
| 2 | **make** | present | the words  words | something |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **happen** | infinitive | something *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: formal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is used in official announcements, certificates and old-fashioned speeches.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hereby:m2:1
# text = It is used in official announcements, certificates and old-fashioned speeches.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	official	official	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	announcements	announcement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	certificates	certificate	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	conj	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
10	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	fashioned	fashioned	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	speeches	speech	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | present · passive |  | It |  | official announcements and certificates and fashioned speeches |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I hereby declare this library open!

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hereby:x1:1
# text = I hereby declare this library open!
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	hereby	hereby	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
3	declare	declare	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	5	det	_	_
5	library	library	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	open	open	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **declare** *speech: other* | present | I | this library |  |  |  | hereby, open *property* | vn declare-29.4-1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent library=Attribute |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
You are hereby invited to my birthday party.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hereby:x2:1
# text = You are hereby invited to my birthday party.
1	You	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
3	hereby	hereby	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	invited	invite	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
7	birthday	birthday	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	party	party	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **invite** | present · passive |  | You |  |  |  | to my birthday party; hereby *property* | vn urge-58.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Recipient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We hereby agree to share the toys fairly.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hereby:x3:1
# text = We hereby agree to share the toys fairly.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	hereby	hereby	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
3	agree	agree	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	share	share	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	toys	toy	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	_
8	fairly	fairly	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **agree** *speech: agree* | present | We |  |  |  |  | hereby *property* | vn correspond-36.1-1 «NP V what S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **share** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | We *not said here* | the toys |  |  |  | fairly *property* | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«I hereby name this ship Explorer,» said the queen.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hereby:x4:1
# text = «I hereby name this ship Explorer,» said the queen.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
3	hereby	hereby	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	name	name	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	ccomp	_	_
5	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	6	det	_	_
6	ship	ship	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	Explorer	Explorer	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	10	punct	_	_
10	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	queen	queen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **name** *in a quote* | present | the queen *= queen* | this ship |  |  |  | hereby *property* | vn appoint-29.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ship=Theme |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | the queen |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The certificate says: «This hereby certifies that Sam can swim twenty-five metres.»

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hereby:x5:1
# text = The certificate says: «This hereby certifies that Sam can swim twenty-five metres.»
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	certificate	certificate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	says	say	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	8	punct	_	_
5	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	This	this	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	8	nsubj	_	_
7	hereby	hereby	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	certifies	certify	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	ccomp	_	_
9	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
10	Sam	Sam	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
11	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	12	aux	_	_
12	swim	swim	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	csubj	_	_
13	twenty	twenty	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	15	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	five	five	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	16	nummod	_	_
16	metres	metre	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | the certificate |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **certify** *in a quote* | present | This |  |  |  |  | hereby *property* | vn patent-101 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **swim** *in a quote* | can | Sam | five metres |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme metre=Trajectory |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I hereby promise to tidy my room every Saturday. (playful)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* I hereby promise to tidy my room every Saturday.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hereby:x6:1
# text = I hereby promise to tidy my room every Saturday.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	hereby	hereby	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
3	promise	promise	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	tidy	tidy	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	room	room	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	9	det	_	_
9	Saturday	Saturday	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **promise** *speech: promise* | present | I |  |  |  |  | hereby *property* | vn promise-37.13 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **tidy** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | I *not said here* | my room |  |  | saturday |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (playful)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hereby:x6:2
# text = (playful)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	playful	playful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In the latter case, though not unconscious that there may be taller men among you, I hereby offer myself for that enviable duty.

<!-- fold The tree, 23 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hereby:x7:1
# text = In the latter case, though not unconscious that there may be taller men among you, I hereby offer myself for that enviable duty.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	latter	latter	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	case	case	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	though	though	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
7	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	8	advmod	_	_
8	unconscious	unconscious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	appos	_	_
9	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
10	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	12	expl	_	_
11	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	12	aux	_	_
12	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	advcl	_	_
13	taller	tall	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	14	amod	_	_
14	men	man	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nsubj	_	_
15	among	among	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
18	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	20	nsubj	_	_
19	hereby	hereby	ADV	RB	_	20	advmod	_	_
20	offer	offer	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	parataxis	_	_
21	myself	myself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	20	obj	_	_
22	for	for	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
23	that	that	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	25	det	_	_
24	enviable	enviable	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	25	amod	_	_
25	duty	duty	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **offer** | present | I | myself |  |  |  | for that enviable duty *goal*; hereby *property* | vn future\_having-13.3 «NP V NP PP.goal»: agent=Agent myself=Theme for duty=Goal |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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