---
title: hewn — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «hewn» in the school dictionary: Cut or chopped with an axe, pick or other sharp tool, especially wood or stone. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# hewn

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** you, cottage, Miners, carpenters · **What happens:** cut, chop, pick, shape, hewn out, have · **To what, where:** other sharp tool, steps, solid rock, rough hewn wooden table, Stone, nearby quarry

<!-- .vabout -->
«hewn» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [hewn in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/hewn.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Cut or chopped with an axe, pick or other sharp tool, especially wood or stone.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hewn:m1:1
# text = Cut or chopped with an axe, pick or other sharp tool, especially wood or stone.
1	Cut	cut	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	chopped	chop	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	conj	_	_
4	with	with	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	axe	axe	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	pick	pick	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	1	parataxis	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
10	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
11	sharp	sharp	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	tool	tool	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
14	especially	especially	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	_
15	wood	wood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	_
16	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
17	stone	stone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cut** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **chop** | participle | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  | with a axe | vn cut-21.1-1 «NP V PP PP»: agent=Agent with axe=Instrument |
| 3 | **pick** | infinitive |  | other sharp tool and wood or stone |  |  |  |  | vn chew-39.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent tool=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: adjective — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Shaped roughly by cutting, as in «rough-hewn».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hewn:m2:1
# text = Shaped roughly by cutting, as in «rough-hewn».
1	Shaped	shape	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
2	roughly	roughly	ADV	RB	_	1	advmod	_	_
3	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	4	mark	_	_
4	cutting	cut	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	1	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
6	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
8	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	rough	rough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	hewn	hewn	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shape** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | roughly *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |
| 2 | **cut** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The steps were hewn out of solid rock.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hewn:x1:1
# text = The steps were hewn out of solid rock.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	steps	step	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	hewn	hewn	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	out	out	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	solid	solid	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hewn out** | past · passive |  | the steps |  | solid rock |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The cottage had a rough-hewn wooden table.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hewn:x2:1
# text = The cottage had a rough-hewn wooden table.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	cottage	cottage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
5	rough	rough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	hewn	hewn	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
8	wooden	wooden	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	table	table	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | the cottage | a rough hewn wooden table |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent table=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Stone for the cathedral was hewn from a nearby quarry.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hewn:x3:1
# text = Stone for the cathedral was hewn from a nearby quarry.
1	Stone	stone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	for	for	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	cathedral	cathedral	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
5	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux:pass	_	_
6	hewn	hewn	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
7	from	from	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	nearby	nearby	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	quarry	quarry	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hewn** | past · passive |  | Stone for the cathedral |  | a nearby quarry |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Miners hewed coal deep underground.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hewn:x4:1
# text = Miners hewed coal deep underground.
1	Miners	miner	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	hewed	hew	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	coal	coal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	deep	deep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
5	underground	underground	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hew** | past | Miners | coal |  |  |  | underground *property* | vn cut-21.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent coal=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The ancient tomb was hewn into the cliff.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hewn:x5:1
# text = The ancient tomb was hewn into the cliff.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	ancient	ancient	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	tomb	tomb	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	hewn	hewn	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	into	into	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	cliff	cliff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hewn** | past · passive |  | the ancient tomb |  | the cliff |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The beams were hand-hewn by carpenters long ago.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hewn:x6:1
# text = The beams were hand-hewn by carpenters long ago.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	beams	beam	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux:pass	_	_
4	hand	hand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	hewn	hewn	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
7	by	by	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	carpenters	carpenter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	_
9	long	long	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	10	advmod	_	_
10	ago	ago	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hewn** | past · passive | carpenters | the beams |  |  |  | ago *property* | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The churches there are almost entirely built of hewn blocks of stone, each like a piece of rock.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hewn:x7:1
# text = The churches there are almost entirely built of hewn blocks of stone, each like a piece of rock.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	churches	church	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
4	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux:pass	_	_
5	almost	almost	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	entirely	entirely	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	built	build	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	hewn	hewn	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	blocks	block	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	stone	stone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
14	each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	10	appos	_	_
15	like	like	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	piece	piece	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	_
18	of	of	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **build** | present · passive |  | the churches |  |  |  | of hewn blocks of stone; entirely *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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