---
title: highwayman — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «highwayman» in the school dictionary: In the old days, a robber on horseback who stopped travellers on the road and took their money. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# highwayman

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** robber, highwayman, poem, Travellers, I, highwaymen · **What happens:** stop, take, stand, deliver, cry, tell · **To what, where:** travellers, road, money, coach, dark road, mask · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«highwayman» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [highwayman in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/highwayman.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In the old days, a robber on horseback who stopped travellers on the road and took their money.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:highwayman:m1:1
# text = In the old days, a robber on horseback who stopped travellers on the road and took their money.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	days	day	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	robber	robber	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
8	on	on	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	horseback	horseback	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
10	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	11	nsubj	_	_
11	stopped	stop	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
12	travellers	traveller	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obj	_	_
13	on	on	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	road	road	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
17	took	take	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	conj	_	_
18	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	19	nmod:poss	_	_
19	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stop** | past | a robber on horseback | travellers |  | the road | day |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality traveller=Eventuality |
| 2 | **take** | past | a robber on horseback *not said here* | travellers's money |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent money=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The highwayman stopped the coach on the dark road.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:highwayman:x1:1
# text = The highwayman stopped the coach on the dark road.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	highwayman	highwayman	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	stopped	stop	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	coach	coach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	dark	dark	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	road	road	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stop** | past | the highwayman | the coach |  | the dark road |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality coach=Eventuality |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Stand and deliver!» cried the highwayman.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:highwayman:x2:1
# text = «Stand and deliver!» cried the highwayman.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Stand	stand	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	ccomp	_	_
3	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	deliver	deliver	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
7	cried	cry	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	highwayman	highwayman	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stand** *in a quote* | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **deliver** *in a quote* | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **cry** *speech: express* | past | the highwayman |  |  |  |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The poem tells of a highwayman and the landlord's daughter.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:highwayman:x3:1
# text = The poem tells of a highwayman and the landlord's daughter.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	poem	poem	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	tells	tell	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	highwayman	highwayman	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	landlord	landlord	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	's	's	PART	POS	_	9	case	_	_
11	daughter	daughter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **tell** *speech: assert* | present | the poem |  |  |  |  | of a highwayman | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Travellers were afraid of highwaymen on the lonely heath.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:highwayman:x4:1
# text = Travellers were afraid of highwaymen on the lonely heath.
1	Travellers	traveller	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	afraid	afraid	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	highwaymen	highwayman	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	lonely	lonely	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	heath	heath	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | Travellers |  |  |  |  | of highwaymen on the lonely heath; afraid *property* | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The highwayman wore a mask and a three-cornered hat.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:highwayman:x5:1
# text = The highwayman wore a mask and a three-cornered hat.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	highwayman	highwayman	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	wore	wear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	mask	mask	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
8	three	three	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	10	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	cornered	corner	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	amod	_	_
11	hat	hat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wear** | past | the highwayman | a mask and a cornered hat |  |  |  |  | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent mask=Theme |
| 2 | **corner** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In the play, I was the highwayman.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:highwayman:x6:1
# text = In the play, I was the highwayman.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	play	play	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
6	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	highwayman	highwayman	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | I | the highwayman |  | the play |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Some highwaymen became famous in songs.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:highwayman:x7:1
# text = Some highwaymen became famous in songs.
1	Some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	2	det	_	_
2	highwaymen	highwayman	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	became	become	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	famous	famous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	xcomp	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	songs	song	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **become** | past | some highwaymen |  |  |  |  | famous *property* | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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