---
title: hindi — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «hindi» in the school dictionary: One of the main languages of India, spoken by hundreds of millions of people and written in the Devanagari script. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# hindi

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** friend, We, word, They, Hindi, Namaste · **What happens:** speak, write, learn, count, come, watch · **To what, where:** Devanagari script, Hindi, Hindi film, one, greeting, Hindi version · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«hindi» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [hindi in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/hindi.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
One of the main languages of India, spoken by hundreds of millions of people and written in the Devanagari script.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hindi:m1:1
# text = One of the main languages of India, spoken by hundreds of millions of people and written in the Devanagari script.
1	One	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	0	root	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	main	main	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	languages	language	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	nmod	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	India	India	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
9	spoken	speak	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	parataxis	_	_
10	by	by	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	hundreds	hundred	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obl	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	millions	million	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nmod	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nmod	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
17	written	write	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	conj	_	_
18	in	in	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
20	Devanagari	Devanagari	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	21	compound	_	_
21	script	script	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | participle |  |  |  |  |  | by hundreds of millions of people | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **write** | participle |  |  |  | the Devanagari script |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent in script=Destination |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: adjective — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In or about the Hindi language: «a Hindi film».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hindi:m2:1
# text = In or about the Hindi language: «a Hindi film».
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
2	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
3	about	about	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	Hindi	Hindi	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	6	punct	_	_
8	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	Hindi	hindi	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	film	film	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My friend speaks Hindi with her grandparents.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hindi:x1:1
# text = My friend speaks Hindi with her grandparents.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	friend	friend	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	speaks	speak	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	Hindi	Hindi	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	grandparents	grandparent	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | present | My friend | Hindi |  |  |  | with friend's grandparents | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Hindi is written in the Devanagari script.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hindi:x2:1
# text = Hindi is written in the Devanagari script.
1	Hindi	Hindi	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	written	write	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	Devanagari	Devanagari	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	script	script	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **write** | present · passive |  | Hindi |  | the Devanagari script |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme in script=Destination |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We learned to count to ten in Hindi.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hindi:x3:1
# text = We learned to count to ten in Hindi.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	learned	learn	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	to	to	PART	TO	_	4	mark	_	_
4	count	count	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	xcomp	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	ten	ten	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	4	obl	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	Hindi	Hindi	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **learn** | past | We |  |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **count** | to-infinitive | We *not said here* |  |  | Hindi |  | to ten | vn matter-91 «NP V PP.experiencer»: agent=Stimulus to ten=Experiencer |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The word «jungle» comes from Hindi.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hindi:x4:1
# text = The word «jungle» comes from Hindi.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	jungle	jungle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
6	comes	come	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	from	from	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	Hindi	Hindi	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | present | the word |  |  | Hindi |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from hindi=Initial\_Location |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
They watched a Hindi film with English subtitles.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hindi:x5:1
# text = They watched a Hindi film with English subtitles.
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	watched	watch	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	Hindi	hindi	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	film	film	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	English	English	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	subtitles	subtitle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **watch** | past | They | a Hindi film |  |  |  | with English subtitles | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent film=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Hindi is one of the official languages of India.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hindi:x6:1
# text = Hindi is one of the official languages of India.
1	Hindi	Hindi	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	0	root	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	official	official	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	languages	language	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	India	India	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Hindi | one |  |  |  | of the official languages of India | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Namaste» is a greeting used by Hindi speakers.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hindi:x7:1
# text = «Namaste» is a greeting used by Hindi speakers.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Namaste	namaste	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	greeting	greeting	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl	_	_
8	by	by	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	Hindi	Hindi	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	speakers	speaker	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Namaste | a greeting |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **use** | participle |  | a greeting *not said here* |  |  |  | by Hindi speakers | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In two Sanskrit versions of the "Vetalapanchavinsati,"\[302\] as well as in the Hindi version,\[303\] the life-giving charm consists in a spell taken from a book of magic.

<!-- fold The tree, 30 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hindi:x8:1
# text = In two Sanskrit versions of the "Vetalapanchavinsati,"[302] as well as in the Hindi version,[303] the life-giving charm consists in a spell taken from a book of magic.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
3	Sanskrit	Sanskrit	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	versions	version	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	Vetalapanchavinsati	Vetalapanchavinsati	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	[	[	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	302	302	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	4	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	]	]	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	12	punct	_	_
14	as	as	ADV	RB	ExtPos=CCONJ	20	cc	_	_
15	well	well	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	14	fixed	_	_
16	as	as	ADP	IN	_	14	fixed	_	_
17	in	in	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
19	Hindi	Hindi	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	20	compound	_	_
20	version	version	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	[	[	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	23	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	303	303	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	20	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	]	]	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	23	punct	_	_
25	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	29	det	_	_
26	life	life	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	26	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	giving	give	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	29	amod	_	_
29	charm	charm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	nsubj	_	_
30	consists	consist	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	20	acl:relcl	_	_
31	in	in	ADP	IN	_	33	case	_	_
32	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	33	det	_	_
33	spell	spell	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	obl	_	_
34	taken	take	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	33	acl	_	_
35	from	from	ADP	IN	_	37	case	_	_
36	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	37	det	_	_
37	book	book	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	34	obl	_	_
38	of	of	ADP	IN	_	39	case	_	_
39	magic	magic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	37	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
40	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	12	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn break\_down-45.8 «NP V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **consist** | present | the giving charm | the Hindi version *not said here* |  | a spell |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **take** | participle |  | a spell *not said here* |  | a book of magic |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP PP.initial\_location»: agent=Agent from book=Initial\_Location |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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