---
title: hitherto — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «hitherto» in the school dictionary: Hitherto means until now or until the time being talked about; up to this point. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# hitherto

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** scientists, village, letter, tests, explorers, museum · **What happens:** mean, talk about, find, not have, show, come back · **To what, where:** time, unknown kind, flood, hidden side, unseen valley, paintings

<!-- .vabout -->
«hitherto» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [hitherto in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/hitherto.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: formal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Hitherto means until now or until the time being talked about; up to this point.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hitherto:m1:1
# text = Hitherto means until now or until the time being talked about; up to this point.
1	Hitherto	hitherto	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	until	until	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
4	now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	10	advmod	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
6	until	until	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj:pass	_	_
9	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	10	aux:pass	_	_
10	talked	talk	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	ccomp	_	_
11	about	about	ADP	IN	_	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	16	punct	_	_
13	up	up	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
14	to	to	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	16	det	_	_
16	point	point	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  | hitherto *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **talk about** | gerund · passive |  | the time |  |  | now |  | vn compel-59.1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: subject=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The scientists found a hitherto unknown kind of beetle.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hitherto:x1:1
# text = The scientists found a hitherto unknown kind of beetle.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	scientists	scientist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	found	find	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	hitherto	hitherto	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	unknown	unknown	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	kind	kind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	beetle	beetle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **find** | past | the scientists | a unknown kind of beetle |  |  |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent kind=Topic |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Hitherto, the village had never had a flood.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hitherto:x2:1
# text = Hitherto, the village had never had a flood.
1	Hitherto	hitherto	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	village	village	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
5	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
6	never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	7	advmod	_	_
7	had	have	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	flood	flood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **have** | past · perfect | the village | a flood |  |  |  | hitherto *property* | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent flood=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The letter showed a hitherto hidden side of the king.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hitherto:x3:1
# text = The letter showed a hitherto hidden side of the king.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	letter	letter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	showed	show	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	hitherto	hitherto	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	hidden	hidden	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	side	side	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	king	king	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | past | the letter | a hidden side of the king |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent side=Recipient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Hitherto, all the tests had come back clear.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hitherto:x4:1
# text = Hitherto, all the tests had come back clear.
1	Hitherto	hitherto	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	5	det:predet	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	tests	test	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
6	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
7	come	come	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
8	back	back	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
9	clear	clear	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come back** | past · perfect | all tests |  |  |  |  | clear, hitherto *property* | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The explorers reached a hitherto unseen valley.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hitherto:x5:1
# text = The explorers reached a hitherto unseen valley.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	explorers	explorer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	reached	reach	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	hitherto	hitherto	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	unseen	unseen	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	valley	valley	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **reach** | past | the explorers | a unseen valley |  |  |  |  | vn body\_motion-49.2-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Agent valley=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The museum displays paintings hitherto kept in storage.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hitherto:x6:1
# text = The museum displays paintings hitherto kept in storage.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	museum	museum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	displays	display	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	paintings	painting	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	hitherto	hitherto	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	kept	keep	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	advcl	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	storage	storage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **display** | present | the museum | paintings |  |  |  |  | vn reflexive\_appearance-48.1.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent painting=Theme |
| 2 | **keep** | participle | the museum *not said here* |  |  | storage |  | hitherto *property* | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent in storage=Location |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Hitherto he had been a land crab; the land at last cast him adrift.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hitherto:x7:1
# text = Hitherto he had been a land crab; the land at last cast him adrift.
1	Hitherto	hitherto	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
2	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
3	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
4	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	7	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	land	land	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	crab	crab	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	land	land	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	appos	_	_
11	at	at	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	nmod	_	_
13	cast	cast	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
14	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	obj	_	_
15	adrift	adrift	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	13	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past · perfect | he | a land crab |  |  |  | hitherto *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **cast** | past | a land crab | him *= he* |  |  |  | adrift *property* | vn build-26.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent he=Product |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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