---
title: hoax — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «hoax» in the school dictionary: A hoax is a trick that makes many people believe something that is not true, such as a fake story, picture or warning. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# hoax

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** hoax, trick, many people, photo, Making, message · **What happens:** be, make, believe, not be, hoax, mean · **To what, where:** trick, many people, something, people, way, hoax · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«hoax» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [hoax in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/hoax.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A hoax is a trick that makes many people believe something that is not true, such as a fake story, picture or warning.

<!-- fold The tree, 23 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hoax:m1:1
# text = A hoax is a trick that makes many people believe something that is not true, such as a fake story, picture or warning.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	hoax	hoax	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	trick	trick	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
7	makes	make	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
8	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	_
10	believe	believe	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	xcomp	_	_
11	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	10	obj	_	_
12	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	15	nsubj	_	_
13	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	cop	_	_
14	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	15	advmod	_	_
15	true	true	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
17	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	21	case	_	_
18	as	as	ADP	IN	_	17	fixed	_	_
19	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
20	fake	fake	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	amod	_	_
21	story	story	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
23	picture	picture	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	conj	_	_
24	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
25	warning	warning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a hoax | a trick |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **make** | present | a trick | many people |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **believe** | present | many people *not said here* | something |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer something=Stimulus |
| 4 | **not** **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | true *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To hoax people means to trick them in this way.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hoax:m2:1
# text = To hoax people means to trick them in this way.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	hoax	hoax	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	csubj	_	_
3	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	trick	trick	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	xcomp	_	_
7	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	obj	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	10	det	_	_
10	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hoax** | to-infinitive |  | people |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **trick** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  | people |  | this way |  |  | vn trick-59.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The photo of the giant shark turned out to be a hoax.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hoax:x1:1
# text = The photo of the giant shark turned out to be a hoax.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	photo	photo	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	giant	giant	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	shark	shark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
7	turned	turn	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	out	out	ADP	RP	_	7	compound:prt	_	_
9	to	to	PART	TO	_	12	mark	_	_
10	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	12	cop	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	hoax	hoax	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **turn out** | past | the photo of the giant shark |  |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **is a** | to-infinitive | the photo of the giant shark *not said here* | a hoax |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Making a hoax call to 999 or 911 is against the law.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hoax:x2:1
# text = Making a hoax call to 999 or 911 is against the law.
1	Making	make	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	12	csubj	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	hoax	hoax	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	call	call	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	999	999	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	4	nmod	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	911	911	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	6	conj	_	_
9	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	cop	_	_
10	against	against	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	law	law	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	12	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | gerund |  | a hoax call |  |  |  | to 999 | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset call=Product |
| 2 | **is** | present | Making |  |  |  |  | against the law | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The message saying the school would close was a hoax.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hoax:x3:1
# text = The message saying the school would close was a hoax.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	message	message	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
3	saying	say	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	acl	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
6	would	would	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
7	close	close	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	ccomp	_	_
8	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	hoax	hoax	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | gerund | the message *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **close** | would | the school |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 3 | **is a** | past | the message | a hoax |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Before you share a story online, check it is not a hoax.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hoax:x4:1
# text = Before you share a story online, check it is not a hoax.
1	Before	before	SCONJ	IN	_	3	mark	_	_
2	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	share	share	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	advcl	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	story	story	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	online	online	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
8	check	check	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
10	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	cop	_	_
11	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	13	advmod	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	hoax	hoax	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **share** | present | you | a story |  |  |  | online *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **check** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **not** **is a** | present | story | a hoax |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The crop circles were a hoax made by two men with planks.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hoax:x5:1
# text = The crop circles were a hoax made by two men with planks.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	crop	crop	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	circles	circle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
4	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	hoax	hoax	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl	_	_
8	by	by	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	10	nummod	_	_
10	men	man	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	_
11	with	with	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	planks	plank	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | the crop circles | a hoax |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **make** | participle |  | a hoax *not said here* |  |  |  | by two men with planks | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
They hoaxed the whole town with a fake monster sighting.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hoax:x6:1
# text = They hoaxed the whole town with a fake monster sighting.
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	hoaxed	hoax	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	whole	whole	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	town	town	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	with	with	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
8	fake	fake	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
9	monster	monster	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	sighting	sighting	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hoax** | past | They | the whole town |  |  |  | with a fake monster sighting | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The detective soon realised the ransom note was a hoax.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hoax:x7:1
# text = The detective soon realised the ransom note was a hoax.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	detective	detective	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	soon	soon	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	4	advmod	_	_
4	realised	realise	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	ransom	ransom	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	note	note	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
8	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	hoax	hoax	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **realise** | past | the detective |  |  |  |  | soon *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **is a** | past | the ransom note | a hoax |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
April Fools' Day hoaxes are meant to be funny, not harmful.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hoax:x8:1
# text = April Fools' Day hoaxes are meant to be funny, not harmful.
1	April	April	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	Fools	Fool	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	4	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	'	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	Day	Day	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	hoaxes	hoax	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
6	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	meant	mean	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	10	mark	_	_
9	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	cop	_	_
10	funny	funny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
12	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	13	advmod	_	_
13	harmful	harmful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present · passive |  | Day hoaxes |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Topic |
| 2 | **is** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | funny *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **not** **be** |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He did this more than once, and every time the villagers found they had been hoaxed, for there was no Wolf at all.

<!-- fold The tree, 23 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hoax:x9:1
# text = He did this more than once, and every time the villagers found they had been hoaxed, for there was no Wolf at all.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	did	do	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	4	det	_	_
4	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	2	obj	_	_
5	than	than	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	once	once	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Mult	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
9	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	10	det	_	_
10	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	villagers	villager	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	conj	_	_
13	found	find	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
14	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	17	nsubj	_	_
15	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	17	aux	_	_
16	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	17	aux:pass	_	_
17	hoaxed	hoax	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	13	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
19	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	21	mark	_	_
20	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	21	expl	_	_
21	was	be	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	17	parataxis	_	_
22	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	23	det	_	_
23	Wolf	wolf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	nsubj	_	_
24	at	at	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
25	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	23	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **do** | past | He | this more |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent more=Eventuality |
| 2 | **find** | past | every time and the villagers |  |  |  |  |  | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 3 | **hoax** | past · perfect · passive |  | villagers *= villager* |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **be** | past | no Wolf at all |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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