---
title: hoof — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «hoof» in the school dictionary: A hoof is the hard part of the foot of animals like horses, cows, deer, goats, sheep and pigs. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# hoof

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** hoof, farrier, Cows, We, hooves, Bull · **What happens:** be, clatter, put, cloven, split, make · **To what, where:** hard part, hooves, road, metal shoes, two parts, lane

<!-- .vabout -->
«hoof» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [hoof in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/hoof.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A hoof is the hard part of the foot of animals like horses, cows, deer, goats, sheep and pigs.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hoof:m1:1
# text = A hoof is the hard part of the foot of animals like horses, cows, deer, goats, sheep and pigs.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	hoof	hoof	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	part	part	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	foot	foot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nmod	_	_
12	like	like	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	horses	horse	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
15	cows	cow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
17	deer	deer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
19	goats	goat	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
21	sheep	sheep	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	conj	_	_
22	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
23	pigs	pig	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a hoof | the hard part |  |  |  | of the foot of animals like horses and cows and deer and goats and sheep and pigs | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The horse's hooves clattered on the road.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hoof:x1:1
# text = The horse's hooves clattered on the road.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	horse	horse	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	hooves	hoove	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
5	clattered	clatter	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	road	road	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **clatter** | participle |  | the horse's hooves *not said here* |  | the road |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on road=Location |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A farrier puts metal shoes on a horse's hooves.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hoof:x2:1
# text = A farrier puts metal shoes on a horse's hooves.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	farrier	farrier	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	puts	put	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	metal	metal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	shoes	shoe	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	horse	horse	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	's	's	PART	POS	_	8	case	_	_
10	hooves	hoove	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **put** | present | a farrier | metal shoes |  | a horse's hooves |  |  | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V PP.destination NP»: agent=Agent shoe=Theme on hoove=Destination |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Cows and sheep have cloven hooves, split into two parts.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hoof:x3:1
# text = Cows and sheep have cloven hooves, split into two parts.
1	Cows	cow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
2	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	sheep	sheep	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	conj	_	_
4	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	cloven	cloven	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
6	hooves	hoove	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	split	split	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	conj	_	_
9	into	into	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	11	nummod	_	_
11	parts	part	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cloven** | present · perfect | Cows and sheep | hooves |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **split** | participle | Cows and sheep *not said here* |  |  |  |  | into two parts *result* | vn break-45.1 «NP V PP.result»: agent=Patient into part=Result |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Hooves are made of the same stuff as your fingernails.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hoof:x4:1
# text = Hooves are made of the same stuff as your fingernails.
1	Hooves	hoove	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	same	same	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	stuff	stuff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
8	as	as	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	fingernails	fingernail	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present · passive |  | Hooves |  |  |  | of the same stuff as your fingernails | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We heard hooves coming up the lane.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hoof:x5:1
# text = We heard hooves coming up the lane.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	heard	hear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	hooves	hoove	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	coming	come	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	xcomp	_	_
5	up	up	ADP	RP	_	4	compound:prt	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	lane	lane	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hear** | past | We | hooves |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **come up** | gerund | hooves *not said here* | the lane |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The deer's hoof left a print in the mud.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hoof:x6:1
# text = The deer's hoof left a print in the mud.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	deer	deer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	hoof	hoof	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	left	leave	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	print	print	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	mud	mud	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **leave** | past | the deer's hoof | a print |  | the mud |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent print=Theme in mud=Location |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A Bull trampled him with his heavy hoofs.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hoof:x7:1
# text = A Bull trampled him with his heavy hoofs.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Bull	bull	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	trampled	trample	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	obj	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
7	heavy	heavy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	hoofs	hoof	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **trample** | past | a Bull | him *= he* |  |  |  | with Bull's heavy hoofs | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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