---
title: hostile — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «hostile» in the school dictionary: Unfriendly and angry, ready to argue or fight. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# hostile

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** guard dog, new boy, class, Deserts, ship, She · **What happens:** argue, fight, belong, live in, give, feel · **To what, where:** hostile desert, hostile growl, us, hostile places, hostile waters, hostile look

<!-- .vabout -->
«hostile» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [hostile in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/hostile.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Unfriendly and angry, ready to argue or fight.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hostile:m1:1
# text = Unfriendly and angry, ready to argue or fight.
1	Unfriendly	unfriendly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
2	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	angry	angry	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	ready	ready	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	conj	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	argue	argue	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	xcomp	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	fight	fight	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **argue** *speech: disagree* | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn correspond-36.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **fight** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn battle-36.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Belonging to an enemy, as in «hostile army».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hostile:m2:1
# text = Belonging to an enemy, as in «hostile army».
1	Belonging	belong	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
2	to	to	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	enemy	enemy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
6	as	as	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	hostile	hostile	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	army	army	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **belong** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | to a enemy; as hostile army | vn attend-107.4-2 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: of a place or conditions — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Very harsh and difficult to live in, as in «a hostile desert».

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hostile:m3:1
# text = Very harsh and difficult to live in, as in «a hostile desert».
1	Very	very	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
2	harsh	harsh	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
3	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	difficult	difficult	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	conj	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	live	live	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	xcomp	_	_
7	in	in	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
9	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	14	mark	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
11	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	hostile	hostile	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	desert	desert	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **live in** | to-infinitive |  |  |  | a hostile desert |  |  | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in desert=Location |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The guard dog gave us a hostile growl.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hostile:x1:1
# text = The guard dog gave us a hostile growl.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	guard	guard	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	dog	dog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	iobj	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	hostile	hostile	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	growl	growl	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | past | the guard dog | a hostile growl | us |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent we=Recipient growl=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The new boy felt the class was hostile at first.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hostile:x2:1
# text = The new boy felt the class was hostile at first.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	boy	boy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	felt	feel	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	class	class	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
7	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
8	hostile	hostile	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	ccomp	_	_
9	at	at	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	first	first	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **feel** | past | the new boy |  |  |  |  |  | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus |
| 2 | **is** | past | the class |  |  |  |  | hostile *property* | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Deserts are hostile places with little water.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hostile:x3:1
# text = Deserts are hostile places with little water.
1	Deserts	desert	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	hostile	hostile	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	places	place	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Deserts | hostile places |  |  |  | with little water | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The ship sailed into hostile waters.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hostile:x4:1
# text = The ship sailed into hostile waters.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	ship	ship	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	sailed	sail	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	into	into	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	hostile	hostile	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	waters	water	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sail** | past | the ship |  |  | hostile waters |  |  | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent into water=Trajectory |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She gave a hostile look when I took her seat.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hostile:x5:1
# text = She gave a hostile look when I took her seat.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	hostile	hostile	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	look	look	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	8	advmod	_	_
7	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	took	take	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	advcl	_	_
9	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	seat	seat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | past | She | a hostile look |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent look=Theme |
| 2 | **take** | past | I | her seat |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent seat=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Space is a hostile environment for humans.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hostile:x6:1
# text = Space is a hostile environment for humans.
1	Space	space	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	hostile	hostile	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	environment	environment	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	humans	human	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Space | a hostile environment |  |  |  | for humans | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He saw hostile warriors, in colored dresses and glittering armor, with spear and halberd, pitching their tents, and anon striking them.

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hostile:x7:1
# text = He saw hostile warriors, in colored dresses and glittering armor, with spear and halberd, pitching their tents, and anon striking them.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	hostile	hostile	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	warriors	warrior	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	colored	colored	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	dresses	dress	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	conj	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
10	glittering	glitter	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	11	amod	_	_
11	armor	armor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
13	with	with	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	spear	spear	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	halberd	halberd	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
18	pitching	pitch	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
19	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	20	nmod:poss	_	_
20	tents	tent	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
22	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
23	anon	anon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
24	striking	strike	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	23	acl	_	_
25	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	24	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **see** | past | He | hostile warriors and colored dresses and glittering armor |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer warrior=Stimulus |
| 2 | **glitter** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **pitch** | gerund | He *not said here* | spear's tents |  |  |  |  | vn throw-17.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent tent=Theme |
| 4 | **strike** | gerund | anon *not said here* | tents *= tent* |  |  |  |  | vn hit-18.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Patient |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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