---
title: humpback — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «humpback» in the school dictionary: A humpback, or humpback whale, is a very large whale with long flippers that is famous for its songs and its leaps out of the water. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# humpback

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** humpback, long flippers, whale, humpback bridge, small bridge, we · **What happens:** be, sing, leap, rise, curve, bend · **To what, where:** large whale, water, small bridge, middle, old word, person · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«humpback» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [humpback in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/humpback.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A humpback, or humpback whale, is a very large whale with long flippers that is famous for its songs and its leaps out of the water.

<!-- fold The tree, 26 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:humpback:m1:1
# text = A humpback, or humpback whale, is a very large whale with long flippers that is famous for its songs and its leaps out of the water.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	humpback	humpback	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
5	humpback	humpback	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	whale	whale	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
8	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	cop	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
10	very	very	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
11	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	whale	whale	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
13	with	with	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	flippers	flipper	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nmod	_	_
16	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	18	nsubj	_	_
17	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	18	cop	_	_
18	famous	famous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	acl:relcl	_	_
19	for	for	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	21	nmod:poss	_	_
21	songs	song	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	obl	_	_
22	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
23	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	24	nmod:poss	_	_
24	leaps	leap	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	21	conj	_	_
25	out	out	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
26	of	of	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
27	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
28	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	12	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a humpback or humpback whale | a large whale |  |  |  | with long flippers | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | present | long flippers |  |  | the water |  | for whale's songs and whale's leaps; famous *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **sing** |  | whale |  |  |  |  |  | nom song «communication intransitive»: poss=agent |
| 4 | **leap** |  | whale |  |  |  |  |  | nom leap «act transitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A humpback bridge is a small bridge that rises steeply in the middle like a hump.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:humpback:m2:1
# text = A humpback bridge is a small bridge that rises steeply in the middle like a hump.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	humpback	humpback	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	bridge	bridge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	bridge	bridge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	9	nsubj	_	_
9	rises	rise	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	acl:relcl	_	_
10	steeply	steeply	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
11	in	in	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	middle	middle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
14	like	like	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	hump	hump	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a humpback bridge | a small bridge |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **rise** | present | a small bridge |  |  | the middle |  | like a hump; steeply *property* | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in middle=Location |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: old-fashioned, can be unkind — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A humpback was an old word for a person with a curved, bent-over back; today we say a person has a curved spine.

<!-- fold The tree, 24 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:humpback:m3:1
# text = A humpback was an old word for a person with a curved, bent-over back; today we say a person has a curved spine.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	humpback	humpback	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	for	for	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
10	with	with	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	curved	curve	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
14	bent	bend	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	-	-	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	over	over	ADV	RB	_	17	advmod	_	_
17	back	back	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
19	today	today	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	obl:unmarked	_	_
20	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	21	nsubj	_	_
21	say	say	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	parataxis	_	_
22	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	nsubj	_	_
24	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	21	ccomp	_	_
25	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
26	curved	curve	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	27	amod	_	_
27	spine	spine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | a humpback | a old word |  |  |  | for a person | tree rules |
| 2 | **curve** | participle |  | a person *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn knead-26.5 «NP.material V PP.product»: agent=Material |
| 3 | **bend** | participle | a humpback *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | we |  |  |  | today |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 5 | **have** | present | a person | a curved spine |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent spine=Patient |
| 6 | **curve** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn knead-26.5 «NP.material V PP.product»: agent=Material |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A humpback leapt right out of the sea and crashed back down.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:humpback:x1:1
# text = A humpback leapt right out of the sea and crashed back down.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	humpback	humpback	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	leapt	leapt	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
4	right	right	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
5	out	out	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	crashed	crash	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
11	back	back	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
12	down	down	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **crash** | past | a humpback leapt out the sea |  |  |  |  | down *property* | vn break-45.1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Humpback whales sing songs that can last for hours.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:humpback:x2:1
# text = Humpback whales sing songs that can last for hours.
1	Humpback	humpback	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	whales	whale	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	sing	sing	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	songs	song	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
6	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
7	last	last	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	acl:relcl	_	_
8	for	for	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	hours	hour	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sing** *speech: express* | present | Humpback whales | songs |  |  |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location song=Theme |
| 2 | **last** | can | songs |  |  |  | hour |  | vn cost-54.2 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We saw three humpbacks on the whale-watching trip in Sydney.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:humpback:x3:1
# text = We saw three humpbacks on the whale-watching trip in Sydney.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	three	three	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	humpbacks	humpback	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
7	whale	whale	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	watching	watch	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	10	amod	_	_
10	trip	trip	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
11	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	Sydney	Sydney	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **see** | past | We | three humpbacks |  | the watching trip in Sydney |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer humpback=Stimulus |
| 2 | **watch** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn search-35.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Humpbacks have no teeth; they filter krill through baleen.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:humpback:x4:1
# text = Humpbacks have no teeth; they filter krill through baleen.
1	Humpbacks	humpback	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	4	det	_	_
4	teeth	tooth	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	7	punct	_	_
6	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	filter	filter	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
8	krill	krill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
9	through	through	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	baleen	baleen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Humpbacks | no teeth |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent tooth=Patient |
| 2 | **filter** | present | Humpbacks *= humpback* | krill |  | baleen |  |  | vn wipe\_instr-10.4.2 «NP V NP.initial\_location»: agent=Agent krill=Initial\_Location |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The car slowed down for the humpback bridge.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:humpback:x5:1
# text = The car slowed down for the humpback bridge.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	car	car	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	slowed	slow	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	down	down	ADP	RP	_	3	compound:prt	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	humpback	humpback	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	bridge	bridge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **slow down** | past | the car |  |  |  |  | for the humpback bridge | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A baby humpback is called a calf.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:humpback:x6:1
# text = A baby humpback is called a calf.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	baby	baby	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	humpback	humpback	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	calf	calf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **call** | present · passive |  | a baby humpback |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Humpbacks travel to warm waters to have their calves.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:humpback:x7:1
# text = Humpbacks travel to warm waters to have their calves.
1	Humpbacks	humpback	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	travel	travel	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	to	to	PART	TO	_	4	mark	_	_
4	warm	warm	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	xcomp	_	_
5	waters	water	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	have	have	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	advcl	_	_
8	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	calves	calf	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **travel** | present | Humpbacks |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **warm** | to-infinitive | Humpbacks *not said here* | waters |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent water=Patient |
| 3 | **have** | to-infinitive | Humpbacks *not said here* | Humpbacks's calves |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent calf=Patient |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The humpback slapped its long white flipper on the water.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:humpback:x8:1
# text = The humpback slapped its long white flipper on the water.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	humpback	humpback	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	slapped	slap	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
5	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
6	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	flipper	flipper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
8	on	on	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **slap** | past | the humpback | humpback's long white flipper |  |  |  | on the water | vn hit-18.1-1 «NP V NP PP»: agent=Agent flipper=Instrument on water=Patient |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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