---
title: hurtful — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «hurtful» in the school dictionary: Making someone feel upset or sad, usually because of unkind words or actions. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# hurtful

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** you, Calling, hurtful words, him, Her, joke · **What happens:** make, feel, call, be, cry, word · **To what, where:** someone, someone names, him, you, me, hurtful comments · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«hurtful» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [hurtful in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/hurtful.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Making someone feel upset or sad, usually because of unkind words or actions.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hurtful:m1:1
# text = Making someone feel upset or sad, usually because of unkind words or actions.
1	Making	make	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	csubj	_	_
2	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	1	obj	_	_
3	feel	feel	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	upset	upset	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	xcomp	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	sad	sad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
8	usually	usually	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
9	because	because	ADP	IN	ExtPos=ADP	12	case	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	fixed	_	_
11	unkind	unkind	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
13	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	actions	action	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | gerund |  | someone |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset someone=Product |
| 2 | **feel** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  | because unkind words or actions; upset *property* | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Calling someone names is hurtful.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hurtful:x1:1
# text = Calling someone names is hurtful.
1	Calling	call	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	csubj	_	_
2	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	3	compound	_	_
3	names	name	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	hurtful	hurtful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **call** | gerund |  | someone names |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent name=Recipient |
| 2 | **is** | present | Calling |  |  |  |  | hurtful *property* | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Her hurtful words made him cry.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hurtful:x2:1
# text = Her hurtful words made him cry.
1	Her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	hurtful	hurtful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	obj	_	_
6	cry	cry	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | Her hurtful words | him *= he* |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **cry** *speech: express* | infinitive | him *= he* *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **word** |  | Her *= she* |  |  |  |  |  | nom word «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
That joke was funny to you, but hurtful to me.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hurtful:x3:1
# text = That joke was funny to you, but hurtful to me.
1	That	that	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	2	det	_	_
2	joke	joke	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	funny	funny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	hurtful	hurtful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	_
10	to	to	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | that joke |  | you |  |  | funny *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** |  | that joke *not said here* |  | me |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Think before you post hurtful comments online.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hurtful:x4:1
# text = Think before you post hurtful comments online.
1	Think	think	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	before	before	SCONJ	IN	_	4	mark	_	_
3	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
4	post	post	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	advcl	_	_
5	hurtful	hurtful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	comments	comment	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
7	online	online	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **think** *speech: other* | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn focus-87.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **post** | present | you | hurtful comments |  |  |  | online *property* | vn send-11.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent comment=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It was hurtful when they did not invite me.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hurtful:x5:1
# text = It was hurtful when they did not invite me.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	hurtful	hurtful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	8	mark	_	_
5	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
6	did	do	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
7	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	8	advmod	_	_
8	invite	invite	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
9	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | It |  |  |  |  | hurtful *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **not** **invite** | past · do-support | they |  | me |  |  |  | vn urge-58.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent i=Recipient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He said sorry for being so hurtful.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hurtful:x6:1
# text = He said sorry for being so hurtful.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	sorry	sorry	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	_
4	for	for	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	7	cop	_	_
6	so	so	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	hurtful	hurtful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: apologize* | past | He |  |  |  |  | sorry *property* | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | hurtful *property* | tree rules |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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