---
title: ichthyosaur — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «ichthyosaur» in the school dictionary: An ichthyosaur was a large sea reptile that lived at the time of the dinosaurs and looked like a dolphin or a fish, with flippers, a long snout and big eyes. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# ichthyosaur

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** ichthyosaur, large sea reptile, It, separate kind, Mary, Ichthyosaurs · **What happens:** be, live, look, not be, breathe, give · **To what, where:** large sea reptile, dinosaur, air, birth, sea, ichthyosaur fossil

<!-- .vabout -->
«ichthyosaur» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [ichthyosaur in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/ichthyosaur.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An ichthyosaur was a large sea reptile that lived at the time of the dinosaurs and looked like a dolphin or a fish, with flippers, a long snout and big eyes.

<!-- fold The tree, 31 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ichthyosaur:m1:1
# text = An ichthyosaur was a large sea reptile that lived at the time of the dinosaurs and looked like a dolphin or a fish, with flippers, a long snout and big eyes.
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	ichthyosaur	ichthyosaur	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
6	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	reptile	reptile	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	9	nsubj	_	_
9	lived	live	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	acl:relcl	_	_
10	at	at	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	dinosaurs	dinosaur	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nmod	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
17	looked	look	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	conj	_	_
18	like	like	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	dolphin	dolphin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	_
21	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
22	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	fish	fish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
25	with	with	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
26	flippers	flipper	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	30	punct	_	_
28	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	30	det	_	_
29	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	30	amod	_	_
30	snout	snout	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	appos	_	_
31	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	33	cc	_	_
32	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	33	amod	_	_
33	eyes	eye	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	30	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | a ichthyosaur | a large sea reptile |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **live** | past | a large sea reptile |  |  |  | time |  | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **look** | past | a large sea reptile *not said here* |  |  |  |  | like a dolphin or a fish and flippers | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It was not a dinosaur but a separate kind of reptile that breathed air and gave birth to live young in the sea.

<!-- fold The tree, 23 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ichthyosaur:m2:1
# text = It was not a dinosaur but a separate kind of reptile that breathed air and gave birth to live young in the sea.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	5	advmod	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	dinosaur	dinosaur	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	separate	separate	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	kind	kind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	reptile	reptile	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	_
12	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	13	nsubj	_	_
13	breathed	breathe	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	acl:relcl	_	_
14	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obj	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	conj	_	_
17	birth	birth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obj	_	_
18	to	to	PART	TO	_	19	mark	_	_
19	live	live	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	16	xcomp	_	_
20	young	young	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	xcomp	_	_
21	in	in	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
22	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **is a** | past | It | a dinosaur but a separate kind of reptile |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **breathe** | past | a separate kind of reptile | air |  |  |  |  | vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent air=Theme |
| 3 | **give** | past | a separate kind of reptile *not said here* | birth |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **live** | to-infinitive | a separate kind of reptile *not said here* |  |  | the sea |  | young *property* | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in sea=Location |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Mary Anning found an ichthyosaur fossil on the beach.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ichthyosaur:x1:1
# text = Mary Anning found an ichthyosaur fossil on the beach.
1	Mary	Mary	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	Anning	Anning	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	flat	_	_
3	found	find	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	ichthyosaur	ichthyosaur	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	fossil	fossil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	on	on	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	beach	beach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **find** | past | Mary | a ichthyosaur fossil |  | the beach |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fossil=Topic |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An ichthyosaur looked like a dolphin.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ichthyosaur:x2:1
# text = An ichthyosaur looked like a dolphin.
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	ichthyosaur	ichthyosaur	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	looked	look	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	like	like	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	dolphin	dolphin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **look** | past | a ichthyosaur |  |  |  |  | like a dolphin | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Ichthyosaurs breathed air, so they swam up to the surface.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ichthyosaur:x3:1
# text = Ichthyosaurs breathed air, so they swam up to the surface.
1	Ichthyosaurs	ichthyosaur	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	breathed	breathe	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
5	so	so	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
6	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	swam	swim	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
8	up	up	ADP	RP	_	7	compound:prt	_	_
9	to	to	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	surface	surface	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **breathe** | past | Ichthyosaurs | air |  |  |  |  | vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent air=Theme |
| 2 | **swim up** | past | Ichthyosaurs *= ichthyosaur* |  |  | the surface |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme to surface=Destination |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Ichthyosaurs had very large eyes for seeing in deep water.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ichthyosaur:x4:1
# text = Ichthyosaurs had very large eyes for seeing in deep water.
1	Ichthyosaurs	ichthyosaur	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	very	very	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	eyes	eye	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
6	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
7	seeing	see	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	deep	deep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | Ichthyosaurs | large eyes |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent eye=Patient |
| 2 | **see** | gerund | Ichthyosaurs *not said here* |  |  | deep water |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An ichthyosaur was a sea reptile, not a fish.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ichthyosaur:x5:1
# text = An ichthyosaur was a sea reptile, not a fish.
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	ichthyosaur	ichthyosaur	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	reptile	reptile	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
8	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	10	advmod	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	fish	fish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | a ichthyosaur | a sea reptile and a fish |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We saw an ichthyosaur skeleton in the museum.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ichthyosaur:x6:1
# text = We saw an ichthyosaur skeleton in the museum.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	ichthyosaur	ichthyosaur	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	skeleton	skeleton	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	museum	museum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **see** | past | We | a ichthyosaur skeleton |  | the museum |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer skeleton=Stimulus |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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