---
title: illegal — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «illegal» in the school dictionary: Not allowed by the law; against the rules of a country. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# illegal

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** country, It, Parking, Selling, referee, tackle · **What happens:** not allow, rule, be, steal, sell, say · **To what, where:** shop, cigarettes, children, king, check, illegal move · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«illegal» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [illegal in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/illegal.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Not allowed by the law; against the rules of a country.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:illegal:m1:1
# text = Not allowed by the law; against the rules of a country.
1	Not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	2	advmod	_	_
2	allowed	allow	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
3	by	by	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	law	law	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
7	against	against	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	rules	rule	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	parataxis	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	country	country	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **allow** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | by the law | vn allow-64.1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Causer |
| 2 | **rule** |  | a country |  |  |  |  |  | nom rule «cognition intransitive»: of=agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In games: against the rules: «an illegal move».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:illegal:m2:1
# text = In games: against the rules: «an illegal move».
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	games	game	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	6	punct	_	_
4	against	against	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	rules	rule	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	11	punct	_	_
8	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	illegal	illegal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	move	move	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is illegal to steal from a shop.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:illegal:x1:1
# text = It is illegal to steal from a shop.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	illegal	illegal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	steal	steal	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	csubj	_	_
6	from	from	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	shop	shop	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | It |  |  |  |  | illegal *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **steal** | to-infinitive |  |  |  | a shop |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Parking here is illegal.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:illegal:x2:1
# text = Parking here is illegal.
1	Parking	parking	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	here	here	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	1	advmod	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	illegal	illegal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Parking |  |  |  |  | illegal *property* | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Selling cigarettes to children is illegal.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:illegal:x3:1
# text = Selling cigarettes to children is illegal.
1	Selling	sell	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	6	csubj	_	_
2	cigarettes	cigarette	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
3	to	to	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obl	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
6	illegal	illegal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sell** | gerund |  | cigarettes | children |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent cigarette=Theme to child=Recipient |
| 2 | **is** | present | Selling |  |  |  |  | illegal *property* | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The referee said the tackle was illegal.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:illegal:x4:1
# text = The referee said the tackle was illegal.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	referee	referee	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	tackle	tackle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
6	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
7	illegal	illegal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | the referee |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | past | the tackle |  |  |  |  | illegal *property* | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In chess, moving your king into check is an illegal move.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:illegal:x5:1
# text = In chess, moving your king into check is an illegal move.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	chess	chess	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	moving	move	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	12	csubj	_	_
5	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	king	king	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	into	into	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	check	check	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
9	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	cop	_	_
10	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	illegal	illegal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	move	move	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	12	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **move** | gerund |  | your king |  | check |  |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent king=Theme into check=Trajectory |
| 2 | **is a** | present | moving | a illegal move |  | chess |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Hunting this rare bird is illegal.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:illegal:x6:1
# text = Hunting this rare bird is illegal.
1	Hunting	hunt	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	csubj	_	_
2	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	4	det	_	_
3	rare	rare	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	bird	bird	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
6	illegal	illegal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hunt** | gerund |  | this rare bird |  |  |  |  | vn hunt-35.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bird=Theme |
| 2 | **is** | present | Hunting |  |  |  |  | illegal *property* | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Is it illegal to ride a bike on the pavement?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:illegal:x7:1
# text = Is it illegal to ride a bike on the pavement?
1	Is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
2	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	expl	_	_
3	illegal	illegal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	ride	ride	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	csubj	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	bike	bike	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	on	on	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	pavement	pavement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | illegal *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **ride** | to-infinitive |  | a bike |  | the pavement |  |  | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bike=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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