---
title: illuminate — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «illuminate» in the school dictionary: To light something up; to shine light on it. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# illuminate

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** something, Street lamps, Sun, Fireworks, you, drawing · **What happens:** light up, shine, make, understand, decorate, illuminate · **To what, where:** something, light, old books, road, half, sky

<!-- .vabout -->
«illuminate» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [illuminate in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/illuminate.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To light something up; to shine light on it.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:illuminate:m1:1
# text = To light something up; to shine light on it.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	light	light	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	up	up	ADP	RP	_	2	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	7	punct	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	shine	shine	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
8	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
9	on	on	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **light up** | to-infinitive |  | something |  |  |  |  | vn preparing-26.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Product |
| 2 | **shine** | to-infinitive |  | light |  | light |  |  | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent light=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: formal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To make something clearer and easier to understand.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:illuminate:m2:1
# text = To make something clearer and easier to understand.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	make	make	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	clearer	clear	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	3	amod	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	easier	easy	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	4	conj	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	understand	understand	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | to-infinitive |  | something |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset something=Product |
| 2 | **understand** | to-infinitive | something *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To decorate old books with bright pictures and gold, as in «illuminated manuscripts».

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:illuminate:m3:1
# text = To decorate old books with bright pictures and gold, as in «illuminated manuscripts».
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	decorate	decorate	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	books	book	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	bright	bright	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	pictures	picture	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	gold	gold	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
11	as	as	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
12	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
13	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	illuminated	illuminate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	15	amod	_	_
15	manuscripts	manuscript	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **decorate** | to-infinitive |  | old books |  |  |  | with bright pictures and gold | tree rules |
| 2 | **illuminate** *in a quote* | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn illustrate-25.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Street lamps illuminate the road at night.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:illuminate:x1:1
# text = Street lamps illuminate the road at night.
1	Street	street	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	lamps	lamp	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	illuminate	illuminate	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	road	road	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	at	at	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **illuminate** | present | Street lamps | the road |  |  | night |  | vn illustrate-25.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent road=Destination |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Sun illuminates half of the Moon.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:illuminate:x2:1
# text = The Sun illuminates half of the Moon.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Sun	Sun	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	illuminates	illuminate	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	half	half	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing|NumForm=Word|NumType=Frac	3	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	Moon	Moon	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **illuminate** | present | the Sun | half of the Moon |  |  |  |  | vn illustrate-25.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent half=Destination |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Fireworks illuminated the sky.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:illuminate:x3:1
# text = Fireworks illuminated the sky.
1	Fireworks	firework	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	illuminated	illuminate	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	sky	sky	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **illuminate** | past | Fireworks | the sky |  |  |  |  | vn illustrate-25.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sky=Destination |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Shine the torch to illuminate the cave wall.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:illuminate:x4:1
# text = Shine the torch to illuminate the cave wall.
1	Shine	shine	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	torch	torch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	illuminate	illuminate	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	advcl	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	cave	cave	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	wall	wall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shine** | imperative | you *not said here* | the torch |  |  |  |  | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent torch=Theme |
| 2 | **illuminate** | to-infinitive | you *not said here* | the cave wall |  |  |  |  | vn illustrate-25.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent wall=Destination |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The teacher's drawing illuminated the hard idea.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:illuminate:x5:1
# text = The teacher's drawing illuminated the hard idea.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	drawing	drawing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	illuminated	illuminate	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	idea	idea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **illuminate** | past | the teacher's drawing | the hard idea |  |  |  |  | vn illustrate-25.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent idea=Destination |
| 2 | **draw** |  | the teacher |  |  |  |  |  | nom drawing «communication intransitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Monks illuminated the first letter of each page with gold.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:illuminate:x6:1
# text = Monks illuminated the first letter of each page with gold.
1	Monks	monk	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	illuminated	illuminate	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	first	first	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	5	amod	_	_
5	letter	letter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	8	det	_	_
8	page	page	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
9	with	with	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	gold	gold	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **illuminate** | past | Monks | the first letter of each page with gold |  |  |  |  | vn illustrate-25.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent letter=Destination |
| 2 | **letter** |  |  | each page with gold |  |  |  |  | nom letter «communication transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The stage was illuminated by one bright spotlight.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:illuminate:x7:1
# text = The stage was illuminated by one bright spotlight.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	stage	stage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	illuminated	illuminate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
7	bright	bright	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	spotlight	spotlight	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **illuminate** | past · passive | one bright spotlight | the stage |  |  |  |  | vn illustrate-25.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Destination |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A single feather from its tail illuminates a dark room.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:illuminate:x8:1
# text = A single feather from its tail illuminates a dark room.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	single	single	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	feather	feather	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
4	from	from	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	tail	tail	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
7	illuminates	illuminate	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	dark	dark	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	room	room	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **illuminate** | present | a single feather from feather's tail | a dark room |  |  |  |  | vn illustrate-25.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent room=Destination |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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