---
title: impaired — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «impaired» in the school dictionary: Impaired means weakened, damaged or not working as well as normal. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# impaired

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** hearing, impaired girl, Tiredness, fog, our, Loud music · **What happens:** impair, mean, weaken, damage, not work, use · **To what, where:** poor sight, hearing, poor hearing, something, it, judgement · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«impaired» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [impaired in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/impaired.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Impaired means weakened, damaged or not working as well as normal.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:impaired:m1:1
# text = Impaired means weakened, damaged or not working as well as normal.
1	Impaired	impair	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	csubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	weakened	weaken	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	damaged	damage	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	parataxis	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
7	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	8	advmod	_	_
8	working	work	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	5	conj	_	_
9	as	as	ADV	RB	ExtPos=CCONJ	12	cc	_	_
10	well	well	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	9	fixed	_	_
11	as	as	ADP	IN	_	9	fixed	_	_
12	normal	normal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **impair** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **weaken** *not said to happen* | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 4 | **damage** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn destroy-44 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 5 | **not** **work** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Used about the body: visually impaired means having poor sight; hearing impaired means having poor hearing.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:impaired:m2:1
# text = Used about the body: visually impaired means having poor sight; hearing impaired means having poor hearing.
1	Used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	nsubj	_	_
2	about	about	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	7	punct	_	_
6	visually	visually	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	impaired	impair	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	conj	_	_
8	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	having	have	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	xcomp	_	_
10	poor	poor	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	sight	sight	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
13	hearing	hearing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nsubj	_	_
14	impaired	impair	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	13	acl	_	_
15	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	parataxis	_	_
16	having	have	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	15	ccomp	_	_
17	poor	poor	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	hearing	hearing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | about the body | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **impair** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | visually *property* | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |
| 3 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 4 | **have** *not said to happen* | gerund |  | poor sight |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sight=Patient |
| 5 | **impair** | participle |  | hearing *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |
| 6 | **mean** | present | hearing |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 7 | **have** | gerund |  | poor hearing |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hearing=Patient |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: verb — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To impair something is to damage it or make it work less well.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:impaired:m3:1
# text = To impair something is to damage it or make it work less well.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	impair	impair	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	advcl	_	_
3	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	damage	damage	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	obj	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	make	make	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	6	conj	_	_
10	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	obj	_	_
11	work	work	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	xcomp	_	_
12	less	less	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	13	advmod	_	_
13	well	well	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	11	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **impair** | to-infinitive |  | something |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus something=Experiencer |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | damage *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **make** | infinitive |  | it |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **work** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | well *property* | vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A visually impaired girl reads with Braille.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:impaired:x1:1
# text = A visually impaired girl reads with Braille.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
2	visually	visually	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
3	impaired	impair	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	amod	_	_
4	girl	girl	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	reads	read	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Braille	Braille	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **impair** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | visually *property* | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **read** | present | a impaired girl |  |  |  |  | with Braille | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Tiredness impaired the driver's judgement.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:impaired:x2:1
# text = Tiredness impaired the driver's judgement.
1	Tiredness	Tiredness	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	impaired	impair	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	driver	driver	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	's	's	PART	POS	_	4	case	_	_
6	judgement	judgement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **impair** | past | Tiredness | the driver's judgement |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus judgement=Experiencer |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The fog impaired our view of the road.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:impaired:x3:1
# text = The fog impaired our view of the road.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	fog	fog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	impaired	impair	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	view	view	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	road	road	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **impair** | past | the fog | our view of the road |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus view=Experiencer |
| 2 | **view** |  | our | the road |  |  |  |  | nom view «cognition transitive»: poss=agent of=patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Loud music can impair your hearing over time.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:impaired:x4:1
# text = Loud music can impair your hearing over time.
1	Loud	loud	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	music	music	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	impair	impair	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	hearing	hearing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	over	over	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **impair** | can | Loud music | your hearing |  |  | time |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus hearing=Experiencer |
| 2 | **hear** |  | your |  |  |  |  |  | nom hearing «act intransitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The school has ramps and lifts for pupils with impaired movement.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:impaired:x5:1
# text = The school has ramps and lifts for pupils with impaired movement.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	ramps	ramp	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	lifts	lift	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	conj	_	_
7	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	pupils	pupil	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	_
9	with	with	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	impaired	impair	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	amod	_	_
11	movement	movement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the school | ramps and lifts |  |  |  | for pupils with impaired movement | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ramp=Patient |
| 2 | **impair** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
His speech was impaired after the accident.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:impaired:x6:1
# text = His speech was impaired after the accident.
1	His	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	speech	speech	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	impaired	impair	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	after	after	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	accident	accident	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **impair** | past · passive |  | His speech |  |  | after the accident |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Experiencer |
| 2 | **speak** |  | His *= he* |  |  |  |  |  | nom speech «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Looking at your phone impairs your attention when crossing the road.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:impaired:x7:1
# text = Looking at your phone impairs your attention when crossing the road.
1	Looking	look	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	5	csubj	_	_
2	at	at	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	phone	phone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
5	impairs	impair	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	attention	attention	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	9	advmod	_	_
9	crossing	cross	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	5	advcl	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	road	road	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **look** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | at your phone | vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent at phone=Theme |
| 2 | **impair** | present | Looking | your attention |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus attention=Experiencer |
| 3 | **cross** | gerund | Looking *not said here* | the road |  |  |  |  | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent road=Patient |
| 4 | **attend** |  | your |  |  |  |  |  | nom attention «cognition intransitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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