---
title: impersonation — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «impersonation» in the school dictionary: A funny copy of someone's voice, way of speaking or actions. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# impersonation

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** way, Pretending, people, She, brilliant impersonation, class · **What happens:** speak, copy, pretend, be, trick, do · **To what, where:** voice, someone, people, crime, brilliant impersonation, dog · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«impersonation» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [impersonation in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/impersonation.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A funny copy of someone's voice, way of speaking or actions.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:impersonation:m1:1
# text = A funny copy of someone's voice, way of speaking or actions.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	funny	funny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	copy	copy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	7	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	's	's	PART	POS	_	5	case	_	_
7	voice	voice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
9	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
10	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
11	speaking	speak	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	9	acl	_	_
12	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	actions	action	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | gerund | way *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **copy** |  |  | someone's voice |  |  |  |  | nom copy «communication transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Pretending to be someone else to trick people, which can be a crime.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:impersonation:m2:1
# text = Pretending to be someone else to trick people, which can be a crime.
1	Pretending	pretend	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	7	csubj	_	_
2	to	to	PART	TO	_	4	mark	_	_
3	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	cop	_	_
4	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	1	xcomp	_	_
5	else	else	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	trick	trick	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
8	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
10	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	14	nsubj	_	_
11	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	14	aux	_	_
12	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	14	cop	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	crime	crime	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pretend** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **is a** | to-infinitive |  | someone |  |  |  | else *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **trick** | to-infinitive | Pretending | people and a crime |  |  |  |  | vn trick-59.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent people=Patient |
| 4 | **is a** | can | people and a crime | a crime |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She does a brilliant impersonation of our dog barking.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:impersonation:x1:1
# text = She does a brilliant impersonation of our dog barking.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	does	do	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	brilliant	brilliant	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	impersonation	impersonation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	dog	dog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
9	barking	bark	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **do** | present | She | a brilliant impersonation of our dog |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent impersonation=Eventuality |
| 2 | **bark** | gerund | a brilliant impersonation of our dog *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn animal\_sounds-38 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **impersonate** |  |  | our dog |  |  |  |  | nom impersonation «communication transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The class laughed at his impersonation of a pirate.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:impersonation:x2:1
# text = The class laughed at his impersonation of a pirate.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	class	class	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	laughed	laugh	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	at	at	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	impersonation	impersonation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	pirate	pirate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **laugh** | past | the class |  |  | class's impersonation of a pirate |  |  | vn nonverbal\_expression-40.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **impersonate** |  | class | a pirate |  |  |  |  | nom impersonation «communication transitive»: poss=agent of=patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The fake email was an impersonation of a real company.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:impersonation:x3:1
# text = The fake email was an impersonation of a real company.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	fake	fake	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	email	email	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	impersonation	impersonation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	real	real	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	company	company	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | the fake email | a impersonation |  |  |  | of a real company | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Impersonation of a police officer is a crime.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:impersonation:x4:1
# text = Impersonation of a police officer is a crime.
1	Impersonation	impersonation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	police	police	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	officer	officer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	crime	crime	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Impersonation of a police officer | a crime |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **impersonate** |  |  | a police officer |  |  |  |  | nom impersonation «communication transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The comedian's impersonations of famous singers were amazing.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:impersonation:x5:1
# text = The comedian's impersonations of famous singers were amazing.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	comedian	comedian	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	impersonations	impersonation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	famous	famous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	singers	singer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	_
8	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
9	amazing	amazing	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the comedian's impersonations of famous singers |  |  |  |  | amazing *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **impersonate** |  | the comedian | famous singers |  |  |  |  | nom impersonation «communication transitive»: poss=agent of=patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We learned how to spot impersonation in online messages.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:impersonation:x6:1
# text = We learned how to spot impersonation in online messages.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	learned	learn	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	5	advmod	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	spot	spot	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	xcomp	_	_
6	impersonation	impersonation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	online	online	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	messages	message	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **learn** | past | We |  |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **spot** | to-infinitive | We *not said here* | impersonation |  |  |  | in online messages | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent impersonation=Destination in message=Theme |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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