---
title: incidence — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «incidence» in the school dictionary: The incidence of something, like an illness or a crime, is how often it happens. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# incidence

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** incidence, angle, ray, We, high incidence, Washing · **What happens:** be, hit, measure, ray, equal, wash · **To what, where:** angle, surface, normal line, light, hands, incidence · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«incidence» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [incidence in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/incidence.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The incidence of something, like an illness or a crime, is how often it happens.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:incidence:m1:1
# text = The incidence of something, like an illness or a crime, is how often it happens.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	incidence	incidence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	like	like	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	illness	illness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	appos	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	crime	crime	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
13	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	17	cop	_	_
14	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	15	advmod	_	_
15	often	often	ADV	RB	_	17	advmod	_	_
16	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	17	nsubj	_	_
17	happens	happen	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	17	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the incidence of something |  |  |  |  | happen, often *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: science — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The angle of incidence is the angle at which a ray of light hits a surface, measured from the normal line.

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:incidence:m2:1
# text = The angle of incidence is the angle at which a ray of light hits a surface, measured from the normal line.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	angle	angle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	incidence	incidence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	angle	angle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	at	at	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	14	obl	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	ray	ray	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nsubj	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	_
14	hits	hit	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	acl:relcl	_	_
15	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	surface	surface	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
18	measured	measure	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	16	acl	_	_
19	from	from	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
21	normal	normal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
22	line	line	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the angle of incidence | the angle |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **hit** | present | a ray of light | a surface |  | the angle |  |  | vn throw-17.1-1 «NP V NP PP.destinations»: agent=Agent surface=Theme at which=Destination |
| 3 | **measure** | participle |  | a surface *not said here* |  | the normal line |  |  | vn register-54.1-2-1 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **ray** |  |  | light |  |  |  |  | nom ray «phenomenon transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:incidence:x1:1
# text = The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	angle	angle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	incidence	incidence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	equals	equal	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	angle	angle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	reflection	reflection	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **equal** | present | the angle of incidence | the angle of reflection |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We measured the angle of incidence with a protractor.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:incidence:x2:1
# text = We measured the angle of incidence with a protractor.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	measured	measure	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	angle	angle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	incidence	incidence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
7	with	with	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	protractor	protractor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **measure** | past | We | the angle of incidence |  |  |  | with a protractor | vn register-54.1-2-1 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme angle=Value |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
There is a high incidence of colds in winter.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:incidence:x3:1
# text = There is a high incidence of colds in winter.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	is	be	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	high	high	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	incidence	incidence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	colds	cold	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	winter	winter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | present | a high incidence of colds in winter |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Washing hands lowers the incidence of tummy bugs.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:incidence:x4:1
# text = Washing hands lowers the incidence of tummy bugs.
1	Washing	wash	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	csubj	_	_
2	hands	hand	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
3	lowers	lower	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	incidence	incidence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	tummy	tummy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	bugs	bug	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wash** | gerund |  | hands |  |  |  |  | vn floss-41.2.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hand=Patient |
| 2 | **lower** | present | Washing | the incidence of tummy bugs |  |  |  |  | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent incidence=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The report shows the incidence of road accidents has fallen.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:incidence:x5:1
# text = The report shows the incidence of road accidents has fallen.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	report	report	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	shows	show	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	incidence	incidence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	road	road	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	accidents	accident	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	_
9	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
10	fallen	fall	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	3	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | present | the report |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **fall** | present · perfect | the incidence of road accidents |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Draw the normal before you mark the angle of incidence.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:incidence:x6:1
# text = Draw the normal before you mark the angle of incidence.
1	Draw	draw	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	normal	normal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	obj	_	_
4	before	before	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
5	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	mark	mark	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	advcl	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	angle	angle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	incidence	incidence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **draw** | imperative | you *not said here* | the normal |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent normal=Theme |
| 2 | **mark** | present | you | the angle of incidence |  |  |  |  | vn image\_impression-25.1 «NP V NP.destination»: agent=Agent angle=Destination |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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