---
title: incise — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «incise» in the school dictionary: To cut carefully into a surface, such as stone, wood or skin. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# incise

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**Who acts:** Ancient people, surgeon, you, carver · **What happens:** cut, carve, incise, use · **To what, where:** pattern, something, patterns, pots, names, stone

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«incise» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 5 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [incise in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/incise.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: formal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To cut carefully into a surface, such as stone, wood or skin.

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:incise:m1:1
# text = To cut carefully into a surface, such as stone, wood or skin.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	cut	cut	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	carefully	carefully	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
4	into	into	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	surface	surface	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
8	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	10	case	_	_
9	as	as	ADP	IN	_	8	fixed	_	_
10	stone	stone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
12	wood	wood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
13	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cut** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | into a surface  wood or skin; carefully *property* | vn cut-21.1-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent into surface=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To carve a pattern or letters into something.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:incise:m2:1
# text = To carve a pattern or letters into something.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	carve	carve	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	pattern	pattern	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	letters	letter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	conj	_	_
7	into	into	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **carve** | to-infinitive |  | a pattern or letters |  | something |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP.material PP.product»: agent=Agent pattern=Material into something=Product |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Ancient people incised patterns on their pots.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:incise:x1:1
# text = Ancient people incised patterns on their pots.
1	Ancient	ancient	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	incised	incise	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	patterns	pattern	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	pots	pot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **incise** | past | Ancient people | patterns |  | people's pots |  |  | vn image\_impression-25.1 «NP V NP.theme PP.destination»: agent=Agent pattern=Theme on pot=Destination |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The names were incised in the stone.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:incise:x2:1
# text = The names were incised in the stone.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	names	name	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	incised	incise	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	stone	stone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **incise** | past · passive |  | the names |  | the stone |  |  | vn image\_impression-25.1 «NP V NP.theme PP.destination»: subject=Theme in stone=Destination |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The surgeon incised the skin carefully.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:incise:x3:1
# text = The surgeon incised the skin carefully.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	surgeon	surgeon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	incised	incise	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	carefully	carefully	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **incise** | past | the surgeon | the skin |  |  |  | carefully *property* | vn image\_impression-25.1 «NP V NP.destination»: agent=Agent skin=Destination |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Use a cocktail stick to incise lines in the clay.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:incise:x4:1
# text = Use a cocktail stick to incise lines in the clay.
1	Use	use	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	cocktail	cocktail	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	stick	stick	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	incise	incise	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	advcl	_	_
7	lines	line	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	clay	clay	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | imperative | you *not said here* | a cocktail stick |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent stick=Patient |
| 2 | **incise** | to-infinitive | you *not said here* | lines |  | the clay |  |  | vn image\_impression-25.1 «NP V NP.theme PP.destination»: agent=Agent line=Theme in clay=Destination |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The carver incised a fish shape on the wood.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:incise:x5:1
# text = The carver incised a fish shape on the wood.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	carver	carver	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	incised	incise	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	fish	fish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	shape	shape	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	on	on	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	wood	wood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **incise** | past | the carver | a fish shape |  | the wood |  |  | vn image\_impression-25.1 «NP V NP.theme PP.destination»: agent=Agent shape=Theme on wood=Destination |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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