---
title: include — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «include» in the school dictionary: To include means to have something as one of the parts of a whole. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# include

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Including, price, class, total, 6 children, you · **What happens:** include, mean, have, put, count, go · **To what, where:** something, someone, group, everyone, game, one · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«include» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [include in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/include.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To include means to have something as one of the parts of a whole.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:include:m1:1
# text = To include means to have something as one of the parts of a whole.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	include	include	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	csubj	_	_
3	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	have	have	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	5	obj	_	_
7	as	as	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	5	obl	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	parts	part	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nmod	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	whole	whole	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **include** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn involve-107.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **have** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  | something |  |  |  | as one of the parts of a whole | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To include means to put someone or something in a group: «include everyone in the game».

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:include:m2:1
# text = To include means to put someone or something in a group: «include everyone in the game».
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	include	include	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	csubj	_	_
3	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	put	put	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	5	obj	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	6	conj	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	group	group	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	14	punct	_	_
13	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	include	include	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	parataxis	_	_
15	everyone	everyone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Tot	14	obj	_	_
16	in	in	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	game	game	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **include** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn involve-107.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **put** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  | someone |  | a group |  |  | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent someone=Theme in group=Destination |
| 4 | **include** *in a quote* | infinitive |  | everyone |  |  |  | in the game *goal* | vn involve-107.1 «NP V NP PP.goal»: agent=Agent everyone=Theme in game=Goal |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Including» means and also, counting this one.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:include:m3:1
# text = «Including» means and also, counting this one.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Including	including	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
4	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	also	also	ADV	RB	_	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	counting	count	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	conj	_	_
9	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	10	det	_	_
10	one	one	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Including |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **count** | gerund | Including *not said here* | this one |  |  |  |  | vn multiply-108 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent one=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The price includes a drink.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:include:x1:1
# text = The price includes a drink.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	price	price	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	includes	include	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	drink	drink	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **include** | present | the price | a drink |  |  |  |  | vn involve-107.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent drink=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The class has 25 pupils, including 12 girls.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:include:x2:1
# text = The class has 25 pupils, including 12 girls.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	class	class	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	25	25	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
5	pupils	pupil	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
7	including	including	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	12	12	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	9	nummod	_	_
9	girls	girl	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the class | 25 pupils and 12 girls |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pupil=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Does the total include the tip?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:include:x3:1
# text = Does the total include the tip?
1	Does	do	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	total	total	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	include	include	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	tip	tip	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **include** | present | the total | the tip |  |  |  |  | vn involve-107.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent tip=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Including Sam, 6 children went.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:include:x4:1
# text = Including Sam, 6 children went.
1	Including	include	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	case	_	_
2	Sam	Sam	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	6	6	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
5	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
6	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **include** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn involve-107.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **go** | past | 6 children |  |  |  |  | include Sam | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Let's include the new girl in our game.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:include:x5:1
# text = Let's include the new girl in our game.
1	Let	let	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	's	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	1	obj	_	_
3	include	include	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	xcomp	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	girl	girl	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	game	game	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **let** | imperative | you *not said here* | 's |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **include** | infinitive | 's *not said here* | the new girl |  |  |  | in our game *goal* | vn involve-107.1 «NP V NP PP.goal»: agent=Agent girl=Theme in game=Goal |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Include a picture with your story.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:include:x6:1
# text = Include a picture with your story.
1	Include	include	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	picture	picture	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	with	with	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	story	story	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **include** | imperative | you *not said here* | a picture |  |  |  | with your story | vn involve-107.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent picture=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The kit includes a ball, a pump and two cones.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:include:x7:1
# text = The kit includes a ball, a pump and two cones.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	kit	kit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	includes	include	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	ball	ball	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	pump	pump	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
10	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	11	nummod	_	_
11	cones	cone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **include** | present | the kit | a ball and a pump and two cones |  |  |  |  | vn involve-107.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ball=Theme |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A healthy diet includes fruit and vegetables.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:include:x8:1
# text = A healthy diet includes fruit and vegetables.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	healthy	healthy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	diet	diet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	includes	include	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	fruit	fruit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	vegetables	vegetable	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **include** | present | a healthy diet | fruit and vegetables |  |  |  |  | vn involve-107.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fruit=Theme |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He had been in many countries and learnt many things, including astrology.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:include:x9:1
# text = He had been in many countries and learnt many things, including astrology.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	6	cop	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	countries	country	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	learnt	learn	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
9	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
12	including	including	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	astrology	astrology	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | He |  |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | participle |  |  |  | many countries |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **learn** | past | He *not said here* | many things |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent thing=Topic |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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