---
title: incontrovertibly — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «incontrovertibly» in the school dictionary: In a way that nobody can argue against or prove wrong, because the facts are completely clear. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# incontrovertibly

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** way, facts, video, ball, experiment, plants · **What happens:** argue, prove, be, show, cross, need · **To what, where:** line, that, thief, us, test, last biscuit · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«incontrovertibly» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [incontrovertibly in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/incontrovertibly.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: formal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In a way that nobody can argue against or prove wrong, because the facts are completely clear.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:incontrovertibly:m1:1
# text = In a way that nobody can argue against or prove wrong, because the facts are completely clear.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
5	nobody	nobody	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Neg	7	nsubj	_	_
6	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
7	argue	argue	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	acl:relcl	_	_
8	against	against	ADP	IN	_	7	obl	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	prove	prove	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	conj	_	_
11	wrong	wrong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
13	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	18	mark	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	facts	fact	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	nsubj	_	_
16	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	18	cop	_	_
17	completely	completely	ADV	RB	_	18	advmod	_	_
18	clear	clear	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **argue** *speech: disagree* | can | a way |  |  |  |  |  | vn correspond-36.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **prove** | infinitive | a way *not said here* |  |  |  |  | wrong *property* | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S\_INF»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **is** | present | the facts |  |  |  |  | clear, completely *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Without any possible doubt; certainly.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:incontrovertibly:m2:1
# text = Without any possible doubt; certainly.
1	Without	without	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	4	det	_	_
3	possible	possible	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	doubt	doubt	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	4	punct	_	_
6	certainly	certainly	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The video incontrovertibly showed that the ball crossed the line.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:incontrovertibly:x1:1
# text = The video incontrovertibly showed that the ball crossed the line.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	video	video	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	incontrovertibly	incontrovertibly	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	showed	show	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	ball	ball	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
8	crossed	cross	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	ccomp	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	line	line	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | past | the video |  |  |  |  | incontrovertibly *property* | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **cross** | past | the ball | the line |  |  |  |  | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent line=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The experiment proved incontrovertibly that plants need light to grow.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:incontrovertibly:x2:1
# text = The experiment proved incontrovertibly that plants need light to grow.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	experiment	experiment	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	proved	prove	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	incontrovertibly	incontrovertibly	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	7	obj	_	_
6	plants	plant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
7	need	need	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	ccomp	_	_
8	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
9	to	to	PART	TO	_	10	mark	_	_
10	grow	grow	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **prove** | past | the experiment |  |  |  |  | incontrovertibly *property* | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 2 | **need** | present | plants | that |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **grow** | to-infinitive | plants *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The fingerprints incontrovertibly linked the thief to the broken window.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:incontrovertibly:x3:1
# text = The fingerprints incontrovertibly linked the thief to the broken window.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	fingerprints	fingerprint	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	incontrovertibly	incontrovertibly	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	linked	link	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	thief	thief	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	to	to	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	broken	broken	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	window	window	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **link** | past | the fingerprints | the thief |  |  |  | to the broken window; incontrovertibly *property* | vn mix-22.1-2-1 «NP V NP PP.co-patient»: agent=Agent thief=Patient to window=Co-Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is incontrovertibly true that 2 + 2 = 4.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:incontrovertibly:x4:1
# text = It is incontrovertibly true that 2 + 2 = 4.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	incontrovertibly	incontrovertibly	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	true	true	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
6	2	2	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	4	obl	_	_
7	+	+	SYM	SYM	_	8	cc	_	_
8	2	2	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	6	conj	_	_
9	=	=	SYM	SYM	_	10	case	_	_
10	4	4	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | It |  |  |  |  | 2 = 4 *obl*; incontrovertibly, true *property* | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The results were incontrovertibly clear, so the teacher did not ask us to repeat the test.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:incontrovertibly:x5:1
# text = The results were incontrovertibly clear, so the teacher did not ask us to repeat the test.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	results	result	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
3	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	incontrovertibly	incontrovertibly	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	clear	clear	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
7	so	so	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
10	did	do	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	12	aux	_	_
11	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	12	advmod	_	_
12	ask	ask	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	parataxis	_	_
13	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	12	iobj	_	_
14	to	to	PART	TO	_	15	mark	_	_
15	repeat	repeat	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	12	xcomp	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	test	test	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the results |  |  |  |  | clear, incontrovertibly *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **not** **ask** *speech: ask* | past · do-support | the teacher |  | us |  |  |  | vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V NP whether S\_INF»: agent=Agent we=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 3 | **repeat** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | the teacher *not said here* | the test |  |  |  |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent test=Eventuality |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«You took the last biscuit,» said Mum, «and the crumbs prove it incontrovertibly.»

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:incontrovertibly:x6:1
# text = «You took the last biscuit,» said Mum, «and the crumbs prove it incontrovertibly.»
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	You	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	took	take	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	ccomp	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	biscuit	biscuit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
9	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
10	Mum	mum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
12	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	crumbs	crumb	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	nsubj	_	_
16	prove	prove	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	parataxis	_	_
17	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	obj	_	_
18	incontrovertibly	incontrovertibly	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** *in a quote* | past | You | the last biscuit |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent biscuit=Theme |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | Mum |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **prove** *in a quote* | present | the crumbs | biscuit |  |  |  | incontrovertibly *property* | vn deduce-97.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Scientists have shown incontrovertibly that the Earth goes round the Sun.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:incontrovertibly:x7:1
# text = Scientists have shown incontrovertibly that the Earth goes round the Sun.
1	Scientists	scientist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	shown	show	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	incontrovertibly	incontrovertibly	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	Earth	Earth	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
8	goes	go	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	_
9	round	round	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	Sun.	Sunday	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | present · perfect | Scientists |  |  |  |  | incontrovertibly *property* | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **go** | present | the Earth |  |  |  | sunday |  | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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