---
title: incumbent — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «incumbent» in the school dictionary: The incumbent is the person who holds an official job right now, such as a president, mayor or member of parliament. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# incumbent

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** incumbent, person, you, incumbent mayor, challenger, It · **What happens:** be, hold, mean, do, charge, stand · **To what, where:** person, official job, duty, incumbent, something, priest

<!-- .vabout -->
«incumbent» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [incumbent in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/incumbent.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: formal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The incumbent is the person who holds an official job right now, such as a president, mayor or member of parliament.

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:incumbent:m1:1
# text = The incumbent is the person who holds an official job right now, such as a president, mayor or member of parliament.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	incumbent	incumbent	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
7	holds	hold	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
8	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	official	official	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	job	job	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
11	right	right	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
12	now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
14	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	17	case	_	_
15	as	as	ADP	IN	_	14	fixed	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	president	president	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
19	mayor	mayor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	conj	_	_
20	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
21	member	member	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	conj	_	_
22	of	of	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
23	parliament	parliament	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the incumbent | the person and a president and mayor or member of parliament |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **hold** | present | the person and a president and mayor or member of parliament | a official job |  |  | now |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent job=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: formal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Incumbent on or upon you means it is your duty: if it is incumbent on you to do something, you must do it.

<!-- fold The tree, 23 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:incumbent:m2:1
# text = Incumbent on or upon you means it is your duty: if it is incumbent on you to do something, you must do it.
1	Incumbent	incumbent	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
2	on	on	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	2	conj	_	_
5	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	1	nmod	_	_
6	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
8	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
9	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	duty	duty	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	15	punct	_	_
12	if	if	SCONJ	IN	_	15	mark	_	_
13	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	nsubj	_	_
14	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	cop	_	_
15	incumbent	incumbent	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	appos	_	_
16	on	on	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	15	nmod	_	_
18	to	to	PART	TO	_	19	mark	_	_
19	do	do	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	15	acl	_	_
20	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	19	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
22	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	24	nsubj	_	_
23	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	24	aux	_	_
24	do	do	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	conj	_	_
25	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	24	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Incumbent on you |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is a** | present | Incumbent | your duty |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **is a** *a condition, not said to happen* | present | Incumbent | incumbent |  |  |  | on you | tree rules |
| 4 | **do** | to-infinitive | Incumbent *not said here* | something |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Eventuality |
| 5 | **do** | must | you | Incumbent |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Eventuality |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: church — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The incumbent of a parish is the priest or vicar in charge of it.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:incumbent:m3:1
# text = The incumbent of a parish is the priest or vicar in charge of it.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	incumbent	incumbent	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	parish	parish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	priest	priest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	vicar	vicar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	_
11	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	charge	charge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the incumbent of a parish | the priest or vicar in charge of charge |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **charge** |  |  | charge |  |  |  |  | nom charge «act transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The incumbent mayor is standing for election again.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:incumbent:x1:1
# text = The incumbent mayor is standing for election again.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	incumbent	incumbent	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	mayor	mayor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	standing	stand	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	election	election	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
8	again	again	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stand** | present · progressive | the incumbent mayor |  |  |  | again | for election | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer for election=Attribute |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The challenger beat the incumbent by two hundred votes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:incumbent:x2:1
# text = The challenger beat the incumbent by two hundred votes.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	challenger	challenger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	beat	beat	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	incumbent	incumbent	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	by	by	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	8	compound	_	_
8	hundred	hundred	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	9	nummod	_	_
9	votes	vote	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **beat** | past | the challenger | the incumbent |  |  |  | by hundred votes | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location incumbent=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is incumbent upon every visitor to sign the book at the front desk.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:incumbent:x3:1
# text = It is incumbent upon every visitor to sign the book at the front desk.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	incumbent	incumbent	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	6	det	_	_
6	visitor	visitor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	sign	sign	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	book	book	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	at	at	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	front	front	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	desk	desk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | It |  |  |  |  | upon every visitor; incumbent *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **sign** | to-infinitive |  | the book |  | the front desk |  |  | vn image\_impression-25.1 «NP V NP.theme PP.destination»: agent=Agent book=Theme at desk=Destination |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The incumbent president gave a speech on television.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:incumbent:x4:1
# text = The incumbent president gave a speech on television.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	incumbent	incumbent	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	president	president	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	speech	speech	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	television	television	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | past | the incumbent president | a speech |  | television |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP PP.recipient PP.asset»: agent=Agent speech=Theme on television=Asset |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The parish has had the same incumbent for many years.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:incumbent:x5:1
# text = The parish has had the same incumbent for many years.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	parish	parish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	had	have	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	same	same	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	incumbent	incumbent	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
8	for	for	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present · perfect | the parish | the same incumbent |  |  | year |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent incumbent=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
As class captain, it was incumbent on Mia to help new pupils.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:incumbent:x6:1
# text = As class captain, it was incumbent on Mia to help new pupils.
1	As	as	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	class	class	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	captain	captain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
6	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
7	incumbent	incumbent	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	on	on	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	Mia	Mia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
10	to	to	PART	TO	_	11	mark	_	_
11	help	help	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	acl	_	_
12	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	pupils	pupil	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | captain | incumbent |  | Mia |  | as class captain | tree rules |
| 2 | **help** | to-infinitive |  |  | new pupils |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pupil=Beneficiary |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Voters were unhappy with the incumbent government.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:incumbent:x7:1
# text = Voters were unhappy with the incumbent government.
1	Voters	voter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	unhappy	unhappy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	incumbent	incumbent	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	government	government	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | Voters |  |  |  |  | with the incumbent government; unhappy *property* | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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