---
title: incur — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «incur» in the school dictionary: To have something bad happen to you because of what you did, such as a cost, a fine, a loss or someone's anger. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# incur

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** you, someone, Late books, company, We, bus · **What happens:** have, happen, do, anger, become, pay · **To what, where:** something, you, money, costs, debts, fine

<!-- .vabout -->
«incur» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [incur in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/incur.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: formal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To have something bad happen to you because of what you did, such as a cost, a fine, a loss or someone's anger.

<!-- fold The tree, 24 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:incur:m1:1
# text = To have something bad happen to you because of what you did, such as a cost, a fine, a loss or someone's anger.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	have	have	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	advcl	_	_
3	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	bad	bad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
5	happen	happen	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	5	obl	_	_
8	because	because	ADP	IN	ExtPos=ADP	10	case	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	fixed	_	_
10	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	5	obl	_	_
11	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
12	did	do	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
14	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	17	case	_	_
15	as	as	ADP	IN	_	14	fixed	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	cost	cost	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
19	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	fine	fine	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
22	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	loss	loss	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	parataxis	_	_
24	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	27	cc	_	_
25	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	27	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	's	's	PART	POS	_	25	case	_	_
27	anger	anger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | to-infinitive | you *not said here* | something |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Patient |
| 2 | **happen** | imperative | you *not said here* |  | you |  |  | such a cost | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **do** | past | you |  |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **anger** |  | someone |  |  |  |  |  | nom anger «feeling intransitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: formal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To become responsible for paying money (incur costs, incur debts).

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:incur:m2:1
# text = To become responsible for paying money (incur costs, incur debts).
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	become	become	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	responsible	responsible	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	_
4	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
5	paying	pay	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	_
6	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
7	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	incur	incur	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	2	parataxis	_	_
9	costs	cost	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
11	incur	incur	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	conj	_	_
12	debts	debt	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **become** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | responsible *property* | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **pay** | gerund |  | money |  |  |  |  | vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent money=Asset |
| 3 | **incur** | infinitive |  | costs |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **incur** | present |  | debts |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Late books will incur a fine of 10 cents a day.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:incur:x1:1
# text = Late books will incur a fine of 10 cents a day.
1	Late	late	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	books	book	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	incur	incur	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	fine	fine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	10	10	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	9	nummod	_	_
9	cents	cent	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **incur** | future | Late books | a fine of 10 cents  a day |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **fine** |  |  | 10 cents  a day |  |  |  |  | nom fine «possession transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The company incurred a loss.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:incur:x2:1
# text = The company incurred a loss.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	company	company	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	incurred	incur	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	loss	loss	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **incur** | past | the company | a loss |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We incurred extra costs because the bus broke down.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:incur:x3:1
# text = We incurred extra costs because the bus broke down.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	incurred	incur	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	extra	extra	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	costs	cost	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	bus	bus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
8	broke	break	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	advcl	_	_
9	down	down	ADP	RP	_	8	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **incur** | past | We | extra costs |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **break down** | past | the bus |  |  |  |  |  | vn break-45.1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He incurred his teacher's anger by talking.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:incur:x4:1
# text = He incurred his teacher's anger by talking.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	incurred	incur	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	's	's	PART	POS	_	4	case	_	_
6	anger	anger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
7	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
8	talking	talk	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **incur** | past | He | his teacher's anger |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **talk** | gerund | He *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **anger** |  | his teacher |  |  |  |  |  | nom anger «feeling intransitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
You may incur a charge if you cancel.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:incur:x5:1
# text = You may incur a charge if you cancel.
1	You	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	incur	incur	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	charge	charge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	if	if	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
7	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	cancel	cancel	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **incur** | may | You | a charge |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **cancel** *a condition, not said to happen* | present | you |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
They incurred debts buying the house.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:incur:x6:1
# text = They incurred debts buying the house.
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	incurred	incur	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	debts	debt	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	buying	buy	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	acl	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	house	house	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **incur** | past | They | debts |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **buy** | gerund | debts *not said here* | the house |  |  |  |  | vn accept-77.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent house=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Demeter exercised great severity towards those who incurred her displeasure.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:incur:x7:1
# text = Demeter exercised great severity towards those who incurred her displeasure.
1	Demeter	Demeter	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	exercised	exercise	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	severity	severity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	towards	towards	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	those	that	PRON	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	2	obl	_	_
7	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
8	incurred	incur	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	acl:relcl	_	_
9	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	displeasure	displeasure	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **exercise** | past | Demeter | great severity |  |  |  | towards those | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent severity=Patient |
| 2 | **incur** | past |  | Demeter's displeasure |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **displease** |  | Demeter |  |  |  |  |  | nom displeasure «feeling transitive»: poss=agent |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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