---
title: incursion — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «incursion» in the school dictionary: A sudden attack on or invasion of a place, often short. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# incursion

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** army, storm, Rabbits, news, Foxes · **What happens:** invade, come, not want, not expect, incur, report · **To what, where:** place, incursion, you, sea water, border, fields

<!-- .vabout -->
«incursion» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [incursion in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/incursion.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A sudden attack on or invasion of a place, often short.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:incursion:m1:1
# text = A sudden attack on or invasion of a place, often short.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	sudden	sudden	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	attack	attack	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	invasion	invasion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
11	often	often	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
12	short	short	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	12	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **invade** |  |  | a place |  |  |  |  | nom invasion «act transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: formal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Coming into a place or area where you are not wanted or not expected: the incursion of sea water into a field.

<!-- fold The tree, 22 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:incursion:m2:1
# text = Coming into a place or area where you are not wanted or not expected: the incursion of sea water into a field.
1	Coming	come	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
2	into	into	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	area	area	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
7	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	11	advmod	_	_
8	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
9	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux:pass	_	_
10	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	11	advmod	_	_
11	wanted	want	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl:relcl	_	_
12	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
13	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	14	advmod	_	_
14	expected	expect	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	17	punct	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	incursion	incursion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
18	of	of	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	compound	_	_
20	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nmod	_	_
21	into	into	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
22	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	field	field	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | gerund |  | the incursion of sea water |  | a place or area |  | into a field | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location PP.destination»: agent=Theme into place=Initial\_Location into field=Destination |
| 2 | **not** **want** | present · passive |  | you |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: subject=Theme |
| 3 | **not** **expect** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **incur** |  |  | sea water |  |  |  |  | nom incursion «act transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Viking incursions terrified villages along the coast.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:incursion:x1:1
# text = Viking incursions terrified villages along the coast.
1	Viking	viking	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	incursions	incursion	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	terrified	terrified	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	villages	village	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
5	along	along	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	coast	coast	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The army reported an incursion across the border.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:incursion:x2:1
# text = The army reported an incursion across the border.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	army	army	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	reported	report	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	incursion	incursion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	across	across	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	border	border	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **report** | past | the army | a incursion |  | the border |  |  | vn prosecute-33.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent incursion=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The storm caused an incursion of sea water into the fields.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:incursion:x3:1
# text = The storm caused an incursion of sea water into the fields.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	storm	storm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	caused	cause	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	incursion	incursion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
9	into	into	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	fields	field	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cause** | past | the storm | a incursion of sea water |  | the fields |  |  | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition incursion=Patient |
| 2 | **incur** |  |  | sea water |  |  |  |  | nom incursion «act transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Rabbits made nightly incursions into our vegetable patch.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:incursion:x4:1
# text = Rabbits made nightly incursions into our vegetable patch.
1	Rabbits	rabbit	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
2	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	acl	_	_
3	nightly	nightly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	incursions	incursion	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	into	into	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
7	vegetable	vegetable	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	patch	patch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | participle | Rabbits *not said here* | nightly incursions |  | our vegetable patch |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP.material PP.product»: agent=Agent incursion=Material into patch=Product |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The news described the drone incursion as a serious threat.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:incursion:x5:1
# text = The news described the drone incursion as a serious threat.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	news	news	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	described	describe	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	drone	drone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	incursion	incursion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	as	as	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	serious	serious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	threat	threat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **describe** | past | the news | the drone incursion |  |  |  | as a serious threat | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent incursion=Theme as threat=Attribute |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Foxes made an incursion into the henhouse last night.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:incursion:x6:1
# text = Foxes made an incursion into the henhouse last night.
1	Foxes	fox	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	incursion	incursion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	into	into	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	henhouse	henhouse	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
8	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | Foxes | a incursion |  | the henhouse | night |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP.material PP.product»: agent=Agent incursion=Material into henhouse=Product |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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