---
title: indirectly — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «indirectly» in the school dictionary: Not straight from the source; by way of someone or something else. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# indirectly

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**Who acts:** I, advice, sun · **What happens:** hear, come, warm · **To what, where:** news, cousin, us, air

<!-- .vabout -->
«indirectly» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 3 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [indirectly in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/indirectly.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Not straight from the source; by way of someone or something else.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:indirectly:m1:1
# text = Not straight from the source; by way of someone or something else.
1	Not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	5	advmod	_	_
2	straight	straight	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
3	from	from	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	source	source	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	by	by	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	appos	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	8	nmod	_	_
11	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	10	conj	_	_
13	else	else	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

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The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

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The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I heard the news indirectly.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:indirectly:m1e:1
# text = I heard the news indirectly.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	heard	hear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	news	news	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	indirectly	indirectly	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hear** | past | I | the news |  |  |  | indirectly *property* | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer news=Stimulus |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I heard the news indirectly, from my cousin.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:indirectly:x1:1
# text = I heard the news indirectly, from my cousin.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	heard	hear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	news	news	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	indirectly	indirectly	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
7	from	from	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	cousin	cousin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hear** | past | I | the news |  | my cousin |  | indirectly *property* | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent news=Topic from cousin=Source |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The advice came indirectly through a friend.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:indirectly:x2:1
# text = The advice came indirectly through a friend.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	advice	advice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	indirectly	indirectly	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	through	through	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	friend	friend	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | past | the advice |  |  |  |  | through a friend; indirectly *property* | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme through friend=Initial\_Location |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The sun warms us indirectly through the air.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:indirectly:x3:1
# text = The sun warms us indirectly through the air.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	sun	sun	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	warms	warm	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	obj	_	_
5	indirectly	indirectly	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
6	through	through	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **warm** | present | the sun | us |  | the air |  | indirectly *property* | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent we=Patient |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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