---
title: infest — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «infest» in the school dictionary: To infest a place is to fill it with many pests or harmful creatures, so that they are a problem. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# infest

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**Who acts:** creatures, Rats, Robbers, Fleas · **What happens:** infest, be · **To what, where:** place, problem, old barn, forest, mountain road, bed

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«infest» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 4 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [infest in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/infest.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To infest a place is to fill it with many pests or harmful creatures, so that they are a problem.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:infest:m1:1
# text = To infest a place is to fill it with many pests or harmful creatures, so that they are a problem.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	infest	infest	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	advcl	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	fill	fill	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	_
9	with	with	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	pests	pest	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	_
12	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
13	harmful	harmful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	creatures	creature	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
16	so	so	SCONJ	IN	ExtPos=SCONJ	21	mark	_	_
17	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	16	fixed	_	_
18	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	21	nsubj	_	_
19	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	21	cop	_	_
20	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	problem	problem	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **infest** | to-infinitive |  | a place |  |  |  |  | vn fill-9.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme place=Destination |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | with many pests or harmful creatures; fill *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **is a** | present | creatures *= creature* | a problem |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Rats infested the old barn.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:infest:x1:1
# text = Rats infested the old barn.
1	Rats	rat	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	infested	infest	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	barn	barn	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **infest** | past | Rats | the old barn |  |  |  |  | vn fill-9.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme barn=Destination |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The forest was infested with wolves.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:infest:x2:1
# text = The forest was infested with wolves.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	forest	forest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	infested	infest	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	wolves	wolf	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **infest** | past · passive |  | the forest |  |  |  | with wolves | vn fill-9.8 «NP V NP PP.theme»: subject=Destination with wolf=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Robbers infested the mountain road.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:infest:x3:1
# text = Robbers infested the mountain road.
1	Robbers	robber	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	infested	infest	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	mountain	mountain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	road	road	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **infest** | past | Robbers | the mountain road |  |  |  |  | vn fill-9.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme road=Destination |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Fleas infested the dog's bed.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:infest:x4:1
# text = Fleas infested the dog's bed.
1	Fleas	flea	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	infested	infest	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	dog	dog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	's	's	PART	POS	_	4	case	_	_
6	bed	bed	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **infest** | past | Fleas | the dog's bed |  |  |  |  | vn fill-9.8 «NP V NP.destination»: agent=Agent bed=Destination |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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