---
title: infestation — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «infestation» in the school dictionary: A large number of insects, animals or pests living in a place where they are not wanted and causing harm. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/I/infestation/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [dictionaries](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/) / [school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/) / [I](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/I/) / infestation

# infestation

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** pests, infestation, barn, Aphid infestation, you · **What happens:** live, not want, cause, be, infest, have · **To what, where:** place, pests, harm, head lice, infestation, rats

<!-- .vabout -->
«infestation» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [infestation in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/infestation.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A large number of insects, animals or pests living in a place where they are not wanted and causing harm.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:infestation:m1:1
# text = A large number of insects, animals or pests living in a place where they are not wanted and causing harm.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	number	number	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	insects	insect	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
7	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	conj	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	pests	pest	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	conj	_	_
10	living	live	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	9	acl	_	_
11	in	in	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	_
14	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	18	advmod	_	_
15	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	18	nsubj	_	_
16	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	18	aux:pass	_	_
17	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	18	advmod	_	_
18	wanted	want	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	13	acl:relcl	_	_
19	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
20	causing	cause	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	18	conj	_	_
21	harm	harm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **live** | gerund | pests *not said here* |  |  | a place |  |  | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in place=Location |
| 2 | **not** **want** | present · passive |  | pests *= pest* |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: subject=Theme |
| 3 | **cause** | gerund |  | harm |  |  |  |  | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition harm=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
There is an infestation of head lice in Year 3.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:infestation:x1:1
# text = There is an infestation of head lice in Year 3.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	is	be	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	infestation	infestation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	head	head	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	lice	louse	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	Year	Year	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
10	3	3	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	9	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | present | a infestation of head lice in Year |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **infest** |  |  | head lice in Year |  |  |  |  | nom infestation «state transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The barn had an infestation of rats.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:infestation:x2:1
# text = The barn had an infestation of rats.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	barn	barn	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	infestation	infestation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	rats	rat	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | the barn | a infestation of rats |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent infestation=Patient |
| 2 | **infest** |  |  | rats |  |  |  |  | nom infestation «state transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Aphid infestation ruined the roses.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:infestation:x3:1
# text = Aphid infestation ruined the roses.
1	Aphid	aphid	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	infestation	infestation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	ruined	ruin	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	roses	rose	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **ruin** | past | Aphid infestation | the roses |  |  |  |  | vn destroy-44 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent rose=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Pest control dealt with the ant infestation.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:infestation:x4:1
# text = Pest control dealt with the ant infestation.
1	Pest	pest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	control	control	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	dealt	deal	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
4	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	ant	ant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	infestation	infestation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **deal** | participle |  | Pest control *not said here* |  |  |  | with the ant infestation | vn cope-83 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent with infestation=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A moth infestation made holes in the jumpers.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:infestation:x5:1
# text = A moth infestation made holes in the jumpers.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	moth	moth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	infestation	infestation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	amod	_	_
5	holes	hole	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	jumpers	jumper	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Keep food covered to prevent an infestation.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:infestation:x6:1
# text = Keep food covered to prevent an infestation.
1	Keep	keep	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
3	covered	cover	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	prevent	prevent	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
6	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	infestation	infestation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **keep** | imperative | you *not said here* | food |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent food=Theme |
| 2 | **cover** | participle |  | food *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **prevent** | to-infinitive |  | a infestation |  |  |  |  | vn forbid-64.4-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Causer infestation=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [infest](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/I/infest/)
- next →: [infinite](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/I/infinite/)
- ↑ back to [I in school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/I/)