---
title: inflation — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «inflation» in the school dictionary: A rise in prices over time, so the same money buys less. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# inflation

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** rise, gas, you, it, loaf, Gran · **What happens:** buy, fill, get, make, seem, be · **To what, where:** something, more, pocket money, 2 percent, inflation, bike tyres · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«inflation» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [inflation in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/inflation.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A rise in prices over time, so the same money buys less.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:inflation:m1:1
# text = A rise in prices over time, so the same money buys less.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	rise	rise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	prices	price	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
5	over	over	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
8	so	so	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	same	same	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
12	buys	buy	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
13	less	less	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	12	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	12	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **buy** | present | a rise in prices over time |  |  |  |  | less *property* | vn accept-77.1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Filling something with air or gas so it gets bigger, like a balloon or a tyre.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:inflation:m2:1
# text = Filling something with air or gas so it gets bigger, like a balloon or a tyre.
1	Filling	fill	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	9	csubj	_	_
2	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	1	obj	_	_
3	with	with	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	gas	gas	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
7	so	so	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	gets	get	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
10	bigger	big	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	9	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
12	like	like	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	balloon	balloon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
15	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	tyre	tyre	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fill** | gerund |  | something |  |  |  | with air or gas | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent something=Patient with air=Instrument |
| 2 | **get** | present | gas |  |  |  |  | like a balloon or a tyre; big *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Making something seem bigger or more important than it is (an inflation of the truth).

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:inflation:m3:1
# text = Making something seem bigger or more important than it is (an inflation of the truth).
1	Making	make	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	_
2	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	1	obj	_	_
3	seem	seem	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	bigger	big	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	3	xcomp	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	4	conj	_	_
7	important	important	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	_
8	than	than	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
9	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
10	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	cop	_	_
11	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	inflation	inflation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	truth	truth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | gerund | you *not said here* | something |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset something=Product |
| 2 | **seem** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  | big *property* | vn seem-109-1-1-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **is** | present | it |  |  |  |  | than a inflation; of the truth | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Because of inflation, a loaf of bread costs more than it used to.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:inflation:x1:1
# text = Because of inflation, a loaf of bread costs more than it used to.
1	Because	because	ADP	IN	ExtPos=ADP	3	case	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	1	fixed	_	_
3	inflation	inflation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	loaf	loaf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	bread	bread	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
9	costs	cost	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
10	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	9	obj	_	_
11	than	than	SCONJ	IN	_	13	mark	_	_
12	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
13	used	use	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	advcl	_	_
14	to	to	PART	TO	_	13	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cost** | present | a loaf of bread | more |  |  |  | because inflation | vn cost-54.2 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme more=Value |
| 2 | **use** | past | loaf |  |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Gran says her pocket money bought much more before inflation.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:inflation:x2:1
# text = Gran says her pocket money bought much more before inflation.
1	Gran	Gran	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	says	say	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
4	pocket	pocket	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	bought	buy	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	acl	_	_
7	much	much	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	6	advmod	_	_
9	before	before	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	inflation	inflation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | Gran | Gran's pocket money |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent money=Topic |
| 2 | **buy** | participle |  | Gran's pocket money *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn accept-77.1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The rate of inflation is 2 percent this year.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:inflation:x3:1
# text = The rate of inflation is 2 percent this year.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	rate	rate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	inflation	inflation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
6	2	2	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	7	nummod	_	_
7	percent	percent	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	9	det	_	_
9	year	year	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the rate of inflation | 2 percent |  |  | year |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Check the inflation of the bike tyres before you ride.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:inflation:x4:1
# text = Check the inflation of the bike tyres before you ride.
1	Check	check	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	inflation	inflation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	bike	bike	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	tyres	tyre	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod	_	_
8	before	before	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
9	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
10	ride	ride	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **check** | imperative | you *not said here* | the inflation of the bike tyres |  |  |  |  | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent inflation=Theme |
| 2 | **ride** | present | you |  |  |  |  |  | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2 «NP.agent V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **inflate** |  |  | the bike tyres |  |  |  |  | nom inflation «process transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The inflation of the bouncy castle took five minutes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:inflation:x5:1
# text = The inflation of the bouncy castle took five minutes.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	inflation	inflation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	bouncy	bouncy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	castle	castle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
7	took	take	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	five	five	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	9	nummod	_	_
9	minutes	minute	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** | past | the inflation of the bouncy castle |  |  |  | minute |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **inflate** |  |  | the bouncy castle |  |  |  |  | nom inflation «process transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Wages that do not keep up with inflation buy less each year.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:inflation:x6:1
# text = Wages that do not keep up with inflation buy less each year.
1	Wages	wage	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj	_	_
2	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	5	nsubj	_	_
3	do	do	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
4	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	5	advmod	_	_
5	keep	keep	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	acl:relcl	_	_
6	up	up	ADP	RP	_	5	compound:prt	_	_
7	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	inflation	inflation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
9	buy	buy	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
10	less	less	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	9	advmod	_	_
11	each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	12	det	_	_
12	year	year	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **keep up** | present · do-support | Wages |  |  |  |  | with inflation | vn sustain-55.6 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **buy** | present | Wages |  |  |  | year | less *property* | vn accept-77.1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
If inflation is 10%, something that cost 50 pounds now costs 55 pounds.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:inflation:x7:1
# text = If inflation is 10%, something that cost 50 pounds now costs 55 pounds.
1	If	if	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
2	inflation	inflation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	10	10	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	%	%	SYM	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
7	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	5	appos	_	_
8	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	9	nsubj	_	_
9	cost	cost	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	acl:relcl	_	_
10	50	50	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	11	nummod	_	_
11	pounds	pound	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obj	_	_
12	now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	9	advmod	_	_
13	costs	cost	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
14	55	55	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	15	nummod	_	_
15	pounds	pound	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	13	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cost** | present |  | 50 pounds |  |  | now |  | vn cost-54.2 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme pound=Value |
| 2 | **cost** | present |  | 55 pounds |  |  |  |  | vn cost-54.2 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme pound=Value |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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