---
title: inflectional — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «inflectional» in the school dictionary: To do with inflection: changing the form of words to show grammar. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# inflectional

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** endings, ing, Inflectional suffixes, Russian, teacher, English · **What happens:** do, change, show, form, describe, work · **To what, where:** form, grammar, words, endings, way, inflectional ending · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«inflectional» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [inflectional in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/inflectional.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: grammar — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To do with inflection: changing the form of words to show grammar.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:inflectional:m1:1
# text = To do with inflection: changing the form of words to show grammar.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	do	do	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	with	with	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	inflection	inflection	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	6	punct	_	_
6	changing	change	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	form	form	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nmod	_	_
11	to	to	PART	TO	_	12	mark	_	_
12	show	show	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	advcl	_	_
13	grammar	grammar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **do** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | with inflection | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **change** | gerund |  | the form of words |  |  |  |  | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent form=Patient |
| 3 | **show** | to-infinitive |  | grammar |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent grammar=Recipient |
| 4 | **form** |  |  | words |  |  |  |  | nom form «communication transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Describing endings or languages that work this way: inflectional endings, an inflectional language.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:inflectional:m2:1
# text = Describing endings or languages that work this way: inflectional endings, an inflectional language.
1	Describing	describe	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
2	endings	ending	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
3	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	languages	language	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	conj	_	_
5	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	6	nsubj	_	_
6	work	work	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	acl:relcl	_	_
7	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	8	det	_	_
8	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	11	punct	_	_
10	inflectional	inflectional	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	endings	ending	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
13	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
14	inflectional	inflectional	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **describe** | gerund |  | endings or languages |  |  |  | inflectional endings and a inflectional language *obl* | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent ending=Theme |
| 2 | **work** | present | endings or languages | this way |  |  |  |  | vn knead-26.5 «NP V NP.material»: agent=Agent way=Material |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«-ing» is an inflectional ending.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:inflectional:x1:1
# text = «-ing» is an inflectional ending.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	ing	ing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
6	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	inflectional	inflectional	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	ending	ending	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | ing | a inflectional ending |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Inflectional suffixes don't change the word class: «walk» and «walked» are both verbs.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:inflectional:x2:1
# text = Inflectional suffixes don't change the word class: «walk» and «walked» are both verbs.
1	Inflectional	inflectional	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	suffixes	suffix	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
3	do	do	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	5	advmod	_	_
5	change	change	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	class	class	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	11	punct	_	_
10	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	walk	walk	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	5	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	11	punct	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
14	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	walked	walk	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	19	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	15	punct	_	_
17	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	19	cop	_	_
18	both	both	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
19	verbs	verb	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **change** | present · do-support | Inflectional suffixes | the word class |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **walk** *in a quote* | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **walk** *in a quote* | past |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **is a** | present |  | both verbs |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Russian and Ukrainian have many inflectional endings.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:inflectional:x3:1
# text = Russian and Ukrainian have many inflectional endings.
1	Russian	Russian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	nsubj	_	_
2	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	Ukrainian	ukrainian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	conj	_	_
4	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
6	inflectional	inflectional	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	endings	ending	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Russian | many inflectional endings |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ending=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The teacher listed English's eight inflectional endings.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:inflectional:x4:1
# text = The teacher listed English's eight inflectional endings.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	listed	list	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	English	English	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	's	's	PART	POS	_	4	case	_	_
6	eight	eight	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
7	inflectional	inflectional	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	endings	ending	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **list** | past | the teacher | English's eight inflectional endings |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **end** |  | English |  |  |  |  |  | nom ending «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Happiness» uses a derivational suffix, not an inflectional one.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:inflectional:x5:1
# text = «Happiness» uses a derivational suffix, not an inflectional one.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Happiness	happiness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
4	uses	use	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	derivational	derivational	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	suffix	suffix	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
9	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	12	advmod	_	_
10	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	inflectional	inflectional	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	one	one	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | present | Happiness | a derivational suffix |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent suffix=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Biggest» uses the inflectional ending «-est».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:inflectional:x6:1
# text = «Biggest» uses the inflectional ending «-est».
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Biggest	big	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	4	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
4	uses	use	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	inflectional	inflectional	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	ending	ending	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
8	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	est	est	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | present | Biggest | the inflectional ending |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ending=Patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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