---
title: influenza — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «influenza» in the school dictionary: An illness caused by a virus, with a high temperature, aches, a sore throat, a cough and great tiredness; it spreads easily. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# influenza

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** illness, coughs, Grandma, I, you, virus · **What happens:** cause, spread, have, jab, be, catch · **To what, where:** illness, Influenza, flu jab, it, flu · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«influenza» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [influenza in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/influenza.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An illness caused by a virus, with a high temperature, aches, a sore throat, a cough and great tiredness; it spreads easily.

<!-- fold The tree, 22 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:influenza:m1:1
# text = An illness caused by a virus, with a high temperature, aches, a sore throat, a cough and great tiredness; it spreads easily.
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	illness	illness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	nsubj	_	_
3	caused	cause	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
4	by	by	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	virus	virus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
8	with	with	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	high	high	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	temperature	temperature	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	aches	ache	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
15	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
16	sore	sore	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	throat	throat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
19	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	cough	cough	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	_
21	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
22	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
23	tiredness	tiredness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
25	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	26	nsubj	_	_
26	spreads	spread	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
27	easily	easily	ADV	RB	_	26	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	26	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cause** | participle |  | a illness *not said here* |  |  |  | by a virus; with a high temperature and aches and a sore throat and a cough and great tiredness | vn result-27.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Precondition |
| 2 | **spread** | present | a illness |  |  |  |  | easily *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Influenza is spread by coughs and sneezes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:influenza:x1:1
# text = Influenza is spread by coughs and sneezes.
1	Influenza	influenza	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	spread	spread	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	by	by	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	coughs	cough	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	sneezes	sneeze	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **spread** | present · passive | coughs and sneezes | Influenza |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location subject=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Grandma has her flu jab every winter.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:influenza:x2:1
# text = Grandma has her flu jab every winter.
1	Grandma	grandma	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
4	flu	flu	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	jab	jab	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	7	det	_	_
7	winter	winter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Grandma | Grandma's flu jab |  |  | winter |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent jab=Patient |
| 2 | **jab** |  | Grandma |  |  |  |  |  | nom jab «act transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I was off school with influenza for a week.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:influenza:x3:1
# text = I was off school with influenza for a week.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	off	off	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	influenza	influenza	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
7	for	for	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	week	week	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | I |  |  |  | week | off school; with influenza | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Catch it, bin it, kill it — to stop flu spreading.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:influenza:x4:1
# text = Catch it, bin it, kill it — to stop flu spreading.
1	Catch	catch	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	1	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
4	bin	bin	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	1	conj	_	_
5	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
7	kill	kill	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	1	conj	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	_
9	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	11	punct	_	_
10	to	to	PART	TO	_	11	mark	_	_
11	stop	stop	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	1	conj	_	_
12	flu	flu	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	_
13	spreading	spread	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	11	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **catch** | imperative | you *not said here* | it |  |  |  |  | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme |
| 2 | **bin** | infinitive | you *not said here* | it |  |  |  |  | vn pocket-9.10 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent it=Theme |
| 3 | **kill** | infinitive | you *not said here* | it |  |  |  |  | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme |
| 4 | **stop** | to-infinitive | you *not said here* | flu |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 5 | **spread** | gerund | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Influenza is caused by a virus, not bacteria.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:influenza:x5:1
# text = Influenza is caused by a virus, not bacteria.
1	Influenza	influenza	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	caused	cause	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	by	by	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	virus	virus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	9	advmod	_	_
9	bacteria	bacteria	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cause** | present · passive | a virus and bacteria | Influenza |  |  |  |  | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition subject=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The doctor said it was influenza, not a cold.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:influenza:x6:1
# text = The doctor said it was influenza, not a cold.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	doctor	doctor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
5	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
6	influenza	influenza	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
8	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	10	advmod	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	cold	cold	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | the doctor |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is a** | past | doctor | influenza and a cold |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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