---
title: injurious — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «injurious» in the school dictionary: Causing harm or damage, as in «injurious to health». Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# injurious

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Smoking, Loud noise, chemicals, Lack, judge, words · **What happens:** cause, be, learn, lack, say, name · **To what, where:** harm, sleep · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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«injurious» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 5 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [injurious in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/injurious.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: formal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Causing harm or damage, as in «injurious to health».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:injurious:m1:1
# text = Causing harm or damage, as in «injurious to health».
1	Causing	cause	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
2	harm	harm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
3	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	damage	damage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
6	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	injurious	injurious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	parataxis	_	_
10	to	to	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	health	health	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cause** | gerund |  | harm or damage |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Smoking is injurious to your health.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:injurious:x1:1
# text = Smoking is injurious to your health.
1	Smoking	smoking	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	injurious	injurious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	health	health	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Smoking |  |  |  |  | to your health; injurious *property* | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Loud noise can be injurious to hearing.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:injurious:x2:1
# text = Loud noise can be injurious to hearing.
1	Loud	loud	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	noise	noise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
4	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	cop	_	_
5	injurious	injurious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	hearing	hearing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | can | Loud noise |  |  |  |  | to hearing; injurious *property* | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The chemicals were injurious to the fish.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:injurious:x3:1
# text = The chemicals were injurious to the fish.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	chemicals	chemical	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	injurious	injurious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	fish	fish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the chemicals |  |  |  |  | to the fish; injurious *property* | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Lack of sleep is injurious to learning.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:injurious:x4:1
# text = Lack of sleep is injurious to learning.
1	Lack	lack	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	sleep	sleep	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	injurious	injurious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	learning	learn	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Lack of sleep |  |  |  |  | injurious *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **learn** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **lack** |  |  | sleep |  |  |  |  | nom lack «state transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The judge said the words were injurious to his good name.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:injurious:x5:1
# text = The judge said the words were injurious to his good name.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	judge	judge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
6	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
7	injurious	injurious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	ccomp	_	_
8	to	to	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	11	nmod:poss	_	_
10	good	good	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	name	name	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | the judge |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | past | the words |  |  |  |  | to judge's good name; injurious *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **name** |  | judge |  |  |  |  |  | nom name «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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