---
title: inscription — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «inscription» in the school dictionary: Words cut, carved or written on something hard, like stone, metal or a coin. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# inscription

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Words, person, inscription, school trophy, winners, bench · **What happens:** cut, carve, write, give, be, read · **To what, where:** something, Words, book, person, inscription, me

<!-- .vabout -->
«inscription» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [inscription in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/inscription.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Words cut, carved or written on something hard, like stone, metal or a coin.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:inscription:m1:1
# text = Words cut, carved or written on something hard, like stone, metal or a coin.
1	Words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	cut	cut	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
4	carved	carve	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	parataxis	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	written	write	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	conj	_	_
7	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	6	obl	_	_
9	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
11	like	like	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	stone	stone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
14	metal	metal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	_
15	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	coin	coin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cut** | present | Words |  |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **carve** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **write** | participle |  |  |  | something |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent on something=Destination |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Words written by hand inside a book or on a photo, often to the person it is given to.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:inscription:m2:1
# text = Words written by hand inside a book or on a photo, often to the person it is given to.
1	Words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
2	written	write	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	acl	_	_
3	by	by	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	hand	hand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
5	inside	inside	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	book	book	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
9	on	on	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	photo	photo	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
13	often	often	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	_
14	to	to	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	_
17	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	19	nsubj:pass	_	_
18	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	19	aux:pass	_	_
19	given	give	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	16	acl:relcl	_	_
20	to	to	ADP	IN	_	19	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **write** | participle |  | Words *not said here* |  | a book or a photo and the person |  | by hand | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **give** | present · passive | the person *not said here* | person |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The inscription on the old stone was hard to read.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:inscription:x1:1
# text = The inscription on the old stone was hard to read.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	inscription	inscription	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	stone	stone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
7	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
8	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
9	to	to	PART	TO	_	10	mark	_	_
10	read	read	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the inscription on the old stone |  |  |  |  | hard *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **read** | to-infinitive | the inscription on the old stone *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our school trophy has an inscription with the winners' names.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:inscription:x2:1
# text = Our school trophy has an inscription with the winners' names.
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	trophy	trophy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	inscription	inscription	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	with	with	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	winners	winner	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	'	's	PART	POS	_	9	case	_	_
11	names	name	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Our school trophy | a inscription |  |  |  | with the winners's names | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent inscription=Patient |
| 2 | **name** |  | the winners |  |  |  |  |  | nom name «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The bench in the park has an inscription for a kind neighbour.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:inscription:x3:1
# text = The bench in the park has an inscription for a kind neighbour.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	bench	bench	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	park	park	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	inscription	inscription	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
9	for	for	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	kind	kind	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	neighbour	neighbour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the bench in the park | a inscription |  |  |  | for a kind neighbour | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent inscription=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Grandad wrote an inscription inside the book he gave me.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:inscription:x4:1
# text = Grandad wrote an inscription inside the book he gave me.
1	Grandad	Grandad	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	wrote	write	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	inscription	inscription	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	inside	inside	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	book	book	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
8	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	acl:relcl	_	_
10	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	9	iobj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **write** | past | Grandad | a inscription |  | the book |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent inscription=Theme |
| 2 | **give** | past | Grandad | the book *not said here* | me |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent i=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Coins have inscriptions around the edge.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:inscription:x5:1
# text = Coins have inscriptions around the edge.
1	Coins	coin	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	inscriptions	inscription	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	around	around	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	edge	edge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Coins | inscriptions |  | the edge |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent inscription=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Archaeologists studied the inscription on the wall.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:inscription:x6:1
# text = Archaeologists studied the inscription on the wall.
1	Archaeologists	archaeologist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	studied	study	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	inscription	inscription	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	wall	wall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **study** | past | Archaeologists | the inscription |  | the wall |  |  | vn learn-14-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent inscription=Topic |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The ring had a tiny inscription inside it.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:inscription:x7:1
# text = The ring had a tiny inscription inside it.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	ring	ring	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	tiny	tiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	inscription	inscription	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	inside	inside	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | the ring | a tiny inscription |  | inscription |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent inscription=Patient |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The houses and bridges were adorned with verses and inscriptions.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:inscription:x8:1
# text = The houses and bridges were adorned with verses and inscriptions.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	houses	house	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	bridges	bridge	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	conj	_	_
5	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux:pass	_	_
6	adorned	adorn	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
7	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	verses	verse	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	inscriptions	inscription	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **adorn** | past · passive |  | the houses and bridges |  |  |  | with verses and inscriptions | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: subject=Destination with verse=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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