---
title: insult — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «insult» in the school dictionary: To insult someone is to say or do something rude that hurts their feelings or shows no respect. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# insult

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** insult, it, Calling, He, you, She · **What happens:** insult, be, do, hurt, show, mean · **To what, where:** someone, something, feelings, respect, rude unkind remark, disrespect · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«insult» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [insult in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/insult.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To insult someone is to say or do something rude that hurts their feelings or shows no respect.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:insult:m1:1
# text = To insult someone is to say or do something rude that hurts their feelings or shows no respect.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	insult	insult	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	advcl	_	_
3	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	say	say	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	do	do	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	6	conj	_	_
9	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	8	obj	_	_
10	rude	rude	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
11	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	12	nsubj	_	_
12	hurts	hurt	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	acl:relcl	_	_
13	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	14	nmod:poss	_	_
14	feelings	feeling	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obj	_	_
15	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	shows	show	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	conj	_	_
17	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	18	det	_	_
18	respect	respect	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **insult** | to-infinitive |  | someone |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus someone=Experiencer |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | say *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **do** | infinitive |  | something |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Eventuality |
| 4 | **hurt** | present |  | their feelings |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer feeling=Patient |
| 5 | **show** | present |  | no respect |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent respect=Recipient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An insult is a rude, unkind remark or action.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:insult:m2:1
# text = An insult is a rude, unkind remark or action.
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	insult	insult	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
5	rude	rude	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
7	unkind	unkind	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	remark	remark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	action	action	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a insult | a rude unkind remark or action |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An insult to something means something so bad it seems to show disrespect.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:insult:m3:1
# text = An insult to something means something so bad it seems to show disrespect.
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	insult	insult	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	to	to	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	nmod	_	_
5	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	5	obj	_	_
7	so	so	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	bad	bad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
9	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
10	seems	seem	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	acl:relcl	_	_
11	to	to	PART	TO	_	12	mark	_	_
12	show	show	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	xcomp	_	_
13	disrespect	disrespect	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | a insult to something | something |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Topic |
| 2 | **seem** | present | it |  |  |  |  |  | vn seem-109-1-1-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Theme clause=Attribute |
| 3 | **show** | to-infinitive |  | disrespect |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent disrespect=Recipient |

<!-- .note -->
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"an insult to our intelligence".

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:insult:m3e:1
# text = "an insult to our intelligence".
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	insult	insult	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	intelligence	intelligence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Calling someone stupid is an insult.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:insult:x1:1
# text = Calling someone stupid is an insult.
1	Calling	call	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	csubj	_	_
2	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	1	obj	_	_
3	stupid	stupid	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	xcomp	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	insult	insult	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **call** | gerund |  |  | someone |  |  | stupid *property* | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent someone=Recipient |
| 2 | **is a** | present | Calling | a insult |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He insulted the cook by not eating anything.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:insult:x2:1
# text = He insulted the cook by not eating anything.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	insulted	insult	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	cook	cook	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
6	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	7	advmod	_	_
7	eating	eat	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
8	anything	anything	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **insult** | past | He | the cook |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus cook=Experiencer |
| 2 | **not** **eat** | gerund | He *not said here* | anything |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent anything=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Don't trade insults; walk away and tell a teacher.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:insult:x3:1
# text = Don't trade insults; walk away and tell a teacher.
1	Do	do	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	3	advmod	_	_
3	trade	trade	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	insults	insult	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	6	punct	_	_
6	walk	walk	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
7	away	away	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	tell	tell	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	6	conj	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **trade** | imperative · do-support | you *not said here* | insults |  |  |  |  | vn exchange-13.6.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent insult=Theme |
| 2 | **walk away** | infinitive | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  | away *property* | vn resign-10.11-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **tell** *speech: assert* | infinitive | you *not said here* |  | a teacher |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent teacher=Recipient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She took it as an insult when he laughed.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:insult:x4:1
# text = She took it as an insult when he laughed.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	took	take	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	obj	_	_
4	as	as	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	insult	insult	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
7	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	9	mark	_	_
8	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	laughed	laugh	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** | past | She | it |  |  |  | as a insult | vn characterize-29.2 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent it=Theme as insult=Attribute |
| 2 | **laugh** | past | he |  |  |  |  |  | vn nonverbal\_expression-40.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The two pirates shouted insults at each other.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:insult:x5:1
# text = The two pirates shouted insults at each other.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	3	nummod	_	_
3	pirates	pirate	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	shouted	shout	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	insults	insult	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
6	at	at	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	each	each	DET	DT	ExtPos=PRON|PronType=Rcp	4	obl	_	_
8	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	fixed	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shout** *speech: express* | past | the two pirates | insults |  | each |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent insult=Topic |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To add insult to injury, it started raining after I fell.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:insult:x6:1
# text = To add insult to injury, it started raining after I fell.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	add	add	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	advcl	_	_
3	insult	insult	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	injury	injury	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	started	start	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	raining	rain	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	xcomp	_	_
10	after	after	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
11	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
12	fell	fall	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **add** *speech: assert* | to-infinitive | insult *not said here* | insult |  |  |  | to injury | vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V NP PP.co-patient»: agent=Agent insult=Patient to injury=Co-Patient |
| 2 | **start** | past | insult |  |  |  |  |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 3 | **rain** | gerund | insult *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn weather-57 «It V PP.theme» |
| 4 | **fall** | past | I |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Saying sorry after an insult is the right thing.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:insult:x7:1
# text = Saying sorry after an insult is the right thing.
1	Saying	say	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	9	csubj	_	_
2	sorry	sorry	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	obj	_	_
3	after	after	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	insult	insult	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	right	right	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	thing	thing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | gerund |  | sorry |  |  | after a insult |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent sorry=Topic |
| 2 | **is a** | present | Saying | the right thing |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
That tiny prize was an insult to all our hard work.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:insult:x8:1
# text = That tiny prize was an insult to all our hard work.
1	That	that	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	3	det	_	_
2	tiny	tiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	prize	prize	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	insult	insult	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	to	to	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
8	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	11	det:predet	_	_
9	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	11	nmod:poss	_	_
10	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	work	work	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | that tiny prize | a insult |  |  |  | to our hard work | tree rules |
| 2 | **work** |  | our |  |  |  |  |  | nom work «act intransitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
“Geppetto, do not insult me or I shall call you Polendina.”

<!-- fold The tree, 11 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:insult:x9:1
# text = “Geppetto, do not insult me or I shall call you Polendina.”
1	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Geppetto	Geppetto	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	do	do	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
5	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	6	advmod	_	_
6	insult	insult	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
7	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	6	obj	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
9	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
10	shall	shall	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
11	call	call	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	conj	_	_
12	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	11	obj	_	_
13	Polendina	Polendina	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **insult** *in a quote* | infinitive · do-support | Geppetto | me |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus i=Experiencer |
| 2 | **call** *in a quote* | shall | I |  | you |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent you=Recipient |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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