---
title: introduction — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «introduction» in the school dictionary: An introduction is the first part of a book, story, essay or talk, which tells what it will be about. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# introduction

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** introduction, first part, names, you, report, your · **What happens:** be, essay, talk, tell, meet, mean · **To what, where:** first part, people, something, use, first simple lesson, introduction · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«introduction» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [introduction in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/introduction.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An introduction is the first part of a book, story, essay or talk, which tells what it will be about.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:introduction:m1:1
# text = An introduction is the first part of a book, story, essay or talk, which tells what it will be about.
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	introduction	introduction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	first	first	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	6	amod	_	_
6	part	part	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	book	book	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
11	story	story	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	essay	essay	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	6	parataxis	_	_
14	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	talk	talk	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	13	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
17	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	18	nsubj	_	_
18	tells	tell	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	conj	_	_
19	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	18	obj	_	_
20	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	23	nsubj	_	_
21	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	23	aux	_	_
22	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	23	cop	_	_
23	about	about	ADV	RB	_	19	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a introduction | the first part |  |  |  | of a book and story | tree rules |
| 2 | **essay** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **talk** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **tell** *speech: assert* | present | the first part | the first part |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent what=Recipient |
| 5 | **is** | future | introduction |  |  |  |  | about *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An introduction is when you tell people each other's names so they meet.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:introduction:m2:1
# text = An introduction is when you tell people each other's names so they meet.
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	introduction	introduction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	6	advmod	_	_
5	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	tell	tell	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	iobj	_	_
8	each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	11	det	_	_
9	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	's	's	PART	POS	_	9	case	_	_
11	names	name	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	_
12	so	so	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	_
13	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	14	nsubj	_	_
14	meet	meet	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | a introduction |  | people |  |  | tell *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **meet** | present | names *= name* |  |  |  |  |  | vn meet-36.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Introduction means bringing something new into use or into a place for the first time.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:introduction:m3:1
# text = Introduction means bringing something new into use or into a place for the first time.
1	Introduction	introduction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	bringing	bring	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	xcomp	_	_
4	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	3	obj	_	_
5	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
6	into	into	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	use	use	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
9	into	into	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	_
12	for	for	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
14	first	first	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	15	amod	_	_
15	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Introduction |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **bring** *not said to happen* | gerund | Introduction *not said here* | something |  | use or a place for the first time |  |  | vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent something=Theme into use=Destination |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An introduction to a subject is a first, simple lesson about it.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:introduction:m4:1
# text = An introduction to a subject is a first, simple lesson about it.
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	introduction	introduction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
3	to	to	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	subject	subject	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
8	first	first	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	11	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
10	simple	simple	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	lesson	lesson	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
12	about	about	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a introduction to a subject | a first simple lesson |  |  |  | about lesson | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Write an introduction that tells the reader what your report is about.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:introduction:x1:1
# text = Write an introduction that tells the reader what your report is about.
1	Write	write	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	introduction	introduction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	5	nsubj	_	_
5	tells	tell	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	acl:relcl	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	reader	reader	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	iobj	_	_
8	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	5	obj	_	_
9	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	report	report	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
11	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	cop	_	_
12	about	about	ADV	RB	_	8	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **write** | imperative | you *not said here* | a introduction |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent introduction=Theme |
| 2 | **tell** *speech: assert* | present | a introduction | a introduction | the reader |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent reader=Recipient what=Topic |
| 3 | **is** | present | your report |  |  |  |  | about *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **report** |  | your |  |  |  |  |  | nom report «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Let me make the introductions: this is Ava and this is Leo.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:introduction:x2:1
# text = Let me make the introductions: this is Ava and this is Leo.
1	Let	let	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	1	obj	_	_
3	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	xcomp	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	introductions	introduction	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	9	punct	_	_
7	this	this	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	9	nsubj	_	_
8	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
9	Ava	Ava	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	parataxis	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
11	this	this	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	13	nsubj	_	_
12	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	cop	_	_
13	Leo	Leo	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **let** | imperative | you *not said here* | me |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **make** | infinitive | me *not said here* | the introductions |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset introduction=Product |
| 3 | **is a** | present | this | Ava and Leo |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **is a** | present | this | Leo |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The book has a short introduction by the author.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:introduction:x3:1
# text = The book has a short introduction by the author.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	book	book	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	short	short	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	introduction	introduction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	by	by	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	author	author	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the book | a short introduction |  |  |  | by the author | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent introduction=Patient |
| 2 | **introduce** |  | the author |  |  |  |  |  | nom introduction «act transitive»: by=agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The introduction of rabbits to Australia caused big problems.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:introduction:x4:1
# text = The introduction of rabbits to Australia caused big problems.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	introduction	introduction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	rabbits	rabbit	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	Australia	Australia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
7	caused	cause	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	problems	problem	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cause** | past | the introduction of rabbits to Australia | big problems |  |  |  |  | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition problem=Patient |
| 2 | **introduce** |  |  | rabbits |  |  |  | to Australia | nom introduction «act transitive»: of=patient to=obl |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
This lesson is an introduction to fractions.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:introduction:x5:1
# text = This lesson is an introduction to fractions.
1	This	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	2	det	_	_
2	lesson	lesson	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	introduction	introduction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	fractions	fraction	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | this lesson | a introduction |  |  |  | to fractions | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The introduction to the song was very quiet.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:introduction:x6:1
# text = The introduction to the song was very quiet.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	introduction	introduction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	to	to	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	song	song	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
7	very	very	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	quiet	quiet	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the introduction to the song |  |  |  |  | quiet *property* | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
After the introductions, we played a game.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:introduction:x7:1
# text = After the introductions, we played a game.
1	After	after	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	introductions	introduction	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	played	play	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	game	game	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **play** | past | we | a game |  |  | after the introductions |  | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent game=Theme |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A good introduction makes people want to read on.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:introduction:x8:1
# text = A good introduction makes people want to read on.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	good	good	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	introduction	introduction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	makes	make	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
6	want	want	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	xcomp	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	read	read	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	xcomp	_	_
9	on	on	ADP	RP	_	8	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present | a good introduction | people |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **want** | infinitive | people *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Pivot clause=Theme |
| 3 | **read on** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | people *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
With an Introduction by Thomas Bodkin

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:introduction:x9:1
# text = With an Introduction by Thomas Bodkin
1	With	with	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	Introduction	introduction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	by	by	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	Thomas	Thomas	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
6	Bodkin	Bodkin	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	flat	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **introduce** |  | Thomas |  |  |  |  |  | nom introduction «act transitive»: by=agent |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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