---
title: inverted — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «inverted» in the school dictionary: Inverted means turned upside down or the other way round. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# inverted

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Inverted commas, punctuation marks, you, character, camera, roof · **What happens:** invert, mean, turn, be, use, call · **To what, where:** turned upside, punctuation marks, speech, speech marks, inverted commas, inverted picture · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«inverted» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [inverted in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/inverted.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Inverted means turned upside down or the other way round.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:inverted:m1:1
# text = Inverted means turned upside down or the other way round.
1	Inverted	invert	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	turned	turn	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	amod	_	_
4	upside	upside	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	down	down	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
10	round	round	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **invert** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn remedy-45.7 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  | turned upside or the other way |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent upside=Topic |
| 3 | **turn** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Inverted commas are the punctuation marks ‘ ’ or « » used around speech or a quote; also called speech marks or quotation marks.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:inverted:m2:1
# text = Inverted commas are the punctuation marks ‘ ’ or « » used around speech or a quote; also called speech marks or quotation marks.
1	Inverted	invert	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	amod	_	_
2	commas	comma	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	punctuation	punctuation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	marks	mark	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
7	‘	'	PUNCT	``	_	8	punct	_	_
8	’	'	PUNCT	''	_	6	punct	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
10	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	12	punct	_	_
11	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	12	punct	_	_
12	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	conj	_	_
13	around	around	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	speech	speech	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	_
15	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	quote	quote	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	20	punct	_	_
19	also	also	ADV	RB	_	20	advmod	_	_
20	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl	_	_
21	speech	speech	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	compound	_	_
22	marks	mark	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	xcomp	_	_
23	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
24	quotation	quotation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	compound	_	_
25	marks	mark	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **invert** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn remedy-45.7 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is a** | present | Inverted commas | the punctuation marks |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **use** | participle | Inverted commas *not said here* |  |  | speech or a quote |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **call** | participle | the punctuation marks *not said here* | speech marks or quotation marks |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Put inverted commas around what the character says.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:inverted:x1:1
# text = Put inverted commas around what the character says.
1	Put	put	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	inverted	invert	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	amod	_	_
3	commas	comma	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
4	around	around	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	3	nmod	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	character	character	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
8	says	say	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **put** | imperative | you *not said here* | inverted commas |  |  |  |  | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent comma=Theme around what=Destination |
| 2 | **invert** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn remedy-45.7 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | the character |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The camera made an inverted picture.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:inverted:x2:1
# text = The camera made an inverted picture.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	camera	camera	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	inverted	invert	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	amod	_	_
6	picture	picture	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | the camera | a inverted picture |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset picture=Product |
| 2 | **invert** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn remedy-45.7 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Turn the jar inverted on the plate.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:inverted:x3:1
# text = Turn the jar inverted on the plate.
1	Turn	turn	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	jar	jar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	inverted	invert	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	plate	plate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **turn** | imperative | you *not said here* | the jar |  |  |  |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent jar=Theme |
| 2 | **invert** | participle |  | the jar *not said here* |  | the plate |  |  | vn remedy-45.7 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To divide by a fraction, multiply by the inverted fraction.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:inverted:x4:1
# text = To divide by a fraction, multiply by the inverted fraction.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	divide	divide	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	advcl	_	_
3	by	by	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	fraction	fraction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
7	multiply	multiply	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	by	by	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	inverted	invert	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	amod	_	_
11	fraction	fraction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **divide** | to-infinitive | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  | by a fraction | vn multiply-108-1 «NP V NP PP.co-theme»: agent=Agent by fraction=Co-Theme |
| 2 | **multiply** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  | by the inverted fraction | vn multiply-108-1 «NP V NP PP.co-theme»: agent=Agent by fraction=Co-Theme |
| 3 | **invert** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn remedy-45.7 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The bat hung inverted from the branch.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:inverted:x5:1
# text = The bat hung inverted from the branch.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	bat	bat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	hung	hang	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	inverted	invert	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	from	from	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	branch	branch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **invert** | past · passive |  | the bat |  | the branch |  |  | vn remedy-45.7 «NP V NP.patient»: subject=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The letters on the reflection looked inverted.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:inverted:x6:1
# text = The letters on the reflection looked inverted.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	letters	letter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	on	on	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	reflection	reflection	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	looked	look	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	inverted	invert	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **invert** | past · passive |  | the letters on the reflection |  |  |  |  | vn remedy-45.7 «NP V NP.patient»: subject=Patient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The roof had the appearance of an inverted flower, and the colors grew deeper and brighter to the gazer.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:inverted:x7:1
# text = The roof had the appearance of an inverted flower, and the colors grew deeper and brighter to the gazer.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	roof	roof	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	appearance	appearance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	inverted	invert	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	amod	_	_
9	flower	flower	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	colors	color	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	nsubj	_	_
14	grew	grow	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
15	deeper	deep	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	14	xcomp	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
17	brighter	bright	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	15	conj	_	_
18	to	to	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	gazer	gazer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | the roof | the appearance of a inverted flower |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent appearance=Patient |
| 2 | **invert** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn remedy-45.7 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **grow** | past | the colors |  |  |  |  | deep *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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