---
title: involuntary — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «involuntary» in the school dictionary: Involuntary means done without meaning to or without control, like a sneeze or a shiver. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# involuntary

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Involuntary, heart, She, Sneezing, involuntary laugh, everyone · **What happens:** mean, do, blink, be, give, make · **To what, where:** involuntary muscle, involuntary shiver, involuntary reflex, everyone

<!-- .vabout -->
«involuntary» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [involuntary in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/involuntary.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Involuntary means done without meaning to or without control, like a sneeze or a shiver.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:involuntary:m1:1
# text = Involuntary means done without meaning to or without control, like a sneeze or a shiver.
1	Involuntary	Involuntary	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	done	do	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	xcomp	_	_
4	without	without	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
5	meaning	mean	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
8	without	without	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	control	control	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
11	like	like	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	sneeze	sneeze	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	_
14	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
15	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	shiver	shiver	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Involuntary |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **do** *not said to happen* | participle | Involuntary *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **mean** | gerund | Involuntary *not said here* |  |  |  |  | to control and a sneeze or a shiver | vn representation-110.1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Pivot to control=Attribute |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: formal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Done against someone's will: «involuntary redundancy».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:involuntary:m2:1
# text = Done against someone's will: «involuntary redundancy».
1	Done	do	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
2	against	against	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
3	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	9	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	's	's	PART	POS	_	3	case	_	_
5	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	9	punct	_	_
7	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	involuntary	involuntary	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	redundancy	redundancy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **do** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | against someone's involuntary redundancy | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Blinking is often involuntary.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:involuntary:x1:1
# text = Blinking is often involuntary.
1	Blinking	blink	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	often	often	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	involuntary	involuntary	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **blink** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn hiccup-40.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | involuntary, often *property* | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The heart is an involuntary muscle.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:involuntary:x2:1
# text = The heart is an involuntary muscle.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	heart	heart	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	involuntary	involuntary	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	muscle	muscle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the heart | a involuntary muscle |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She gave an involuntary shiver.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:involuntary:x3:1
# text = She gave an involuntary shiver.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	involuntary	involuntary	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	shiver	shiver	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | past | She | a involuntary shiver |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent shiver=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sneezing is an involuntary reflex.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:involuntary:x4:1
# text = Sneezing is an involuntary reflex.
1	Sneezing	sneezing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	involuntary	involuntary	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	reflex	reflex	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Sneezing | a involuntary reflex |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
His involuntary laugh made everyone giggle.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:involuntary:x5:1
# text = His involuntary laugh made everyone giggle.
1	His	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	involuntary	involuntary	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	laugh	laugh	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	everyone	everyone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Tot	4	obj	_	_
6	giggle	giggle	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | His involuntary laugh | everyone |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **giggle** | infinitive | everyone *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn nonverbal\_expression-40.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **laugh** |  | His *= he* |  |  |  |  |  | nom laugh «communication intransitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Hiccups are involuntary.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:involuntary:x6:1
# text = Hiccups are involuntary.
1	Hiccups	hiccup	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	involuntary	involuntary	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Hiccups |  |  |  |  | involuntary *property* | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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