---
title: irradiate — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «irradiate» in the school dictionary: To irradiate something is to send rays, such as X-rays, gamma rays or ultraviolet light, onto or through it. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# irradiate

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** food, Doctors, sun, scientist, seeds, Sunlight · **What happens:** irradiate, be, kill, keep, destroy, see · **To what, where:** something, food, germs, tumours, spices, Earth

<!-- .vabout -->
«irradiate» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [irradiate in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/irradiate.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: science — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To irradiate something is to send rays, such as X-rays, gamma rays or ultraviolet light, onto or through it.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:irradiate:m1:1
# text = To irradiate something is to send rays, such as X-rays, gamma rays or ultraviolet light, onto or through it.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	irradiate	irradiate	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	advcl	_	_
3	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	send	send	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	rays	ray	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
9	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	13	case	_	_
10	as	as	ADP	IN	_	9	fixed	_	_
11	X	x	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	rays	ray	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
15	gamma	gamma	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	compound	_	_
16	rays	ray	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	conj	_	_
17	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
18	ultraviolet	ultraviolet	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
19	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
21	onto	onto	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
22	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
23	through	through	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
24	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **irradiate** | to-infinitive |  | something |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | send *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To irradiate food is to treat it with rays to kill germs so it keeps longer.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:irradiate:m2:1
# text = To irradiate food is to treat it with rays to kill germs so it keeps longer.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	irradiate	irradiate	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	advcl	_	_
3	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	treat	treat	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	obj	_	_
8	with	with	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	rays	ray	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	_
10	to	to	PART	TO	_	11	mark	_	_
11	kill	kill	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	advcl	_	_
12	germs	germ	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obj	_	_
13	so	so	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	_
14	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	nsubj	_	_
15	keeps	keep	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	advcl	_	_
16	longer	long	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	15	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **irradiate** | to-infinitive |  | food |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | with rays; treat *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **kill** | to-infinitive |  | germs |  |  |  |  | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent germ=Theme |
| 4 | **keep** | present | food |  |  |  |  | long *property* | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: literary — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To irradiate is to light something up brightly.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:irradiate:m3:1
# text = To irradiate is to light something up brightly.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	irradiate	irradiate	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	csubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	light	light	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	5	obj	_	_
7	up	up	ADP	RP	_	5	compound:prt	_	_
8	brightly	brightly	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **irradiate** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | brightly, light *property* | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Doctors irradiate tumours to destroy them.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:irradiate:x1:1
# text = Doctors irradiate tumours to destroy them.
1	Doctors	doctor	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	irradiate	irradiate	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	tumours	tumour	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	destroy	destroy	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
6	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **irradiate** | present | Doctors | tumours |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **destroy** | to-infinitive | Doctors *not said here* | tumours *= tumour* |  |  |  |  | vn destroy-44 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Some spices are irradiated to kill germs.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:irradiate:x2:1
# text = Some spices are irradiated to kill germs.
1	Some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	2	det	_	_
2	spices	spice	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	irradiated	irradiate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	kill	kill	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	xcomp	_	_
7	germs	germ	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **irradiate** | present · passive |  | some spices |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **kill** | to-infinitive |  | germs |  |  |  |  | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent germ=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The sun irradiates the Earth with light.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:irradiate:x3:1
# text = The sun irradiates the Earth with light.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	sun	sun	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	irradiates	irradiate	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	Earth	Earth	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **irradiate** | present | the sun | the Earth |  |  |  | with light | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The scientist irradiated the seeds to see if they changed.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:irradiate:x4:1
# text = The scientist irradiated the seeds to see if they changed.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	scientist	scientist	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	irradiated	irradiate	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	seeds	seed	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	see	see	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
8	if	if	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
9	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
10	changed	change	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **irradiate** | past | the scientist | the seeds |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **see** | to-infinitive | the scientist *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 3 | **change** *a condition, not said to happen* | past | seeds *= seed* |  |  |  |  |  | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sunlight irradiated the whole valley.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:irradiate:x5:1
# text = Sunlight irradiated the whole valley.
1	Sunlight	Sunlight	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	irradiated	irradiate	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	whole	whole	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	valley	valley	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **irradiate** | past | Sunlight | the whole valley |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Irradiated food is not radioactive.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:irradiate:x6:1
# text = Irradiated food is not radioactive.
1	Irradiated	irradiate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	amod	_	_
2	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	5	advmod	_	_
5	radioactive	radioactive	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **irradiate** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **not** **is** | present | Irradiated food |  |  |  |  | radioactive *property* | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"My beams irradiated the naked walls that form the streets there.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:irradiate:x7:1
# text = "My beams irradiated the naked walls that form the streets there.
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
3	beams	beam	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	irradiated	irradiate	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	naked	naked	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	walls	wall	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
8	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	9	nsubj	_	_
9	form	form	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	acl:relcl	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	streets	street	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obj	_	_
12	there	there	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	9	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **irradiate** *in a quote* | past | My beams | the naked walls |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **form** *in a quote* | present | the naked walls | the streets |  | there |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location street=Theme |
| 3 | **beam** *in a quote* |  | My |  |  |  |  |  | nom beam «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

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<!-- /div -->

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