---
title: isthmus — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «isthmus» in the school dictionary: A narrow strip of land with sea on both sides that joins two larger pieces of land. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# isthmus

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** narrow strip, narrow part, Isthmus, ships, castle, strait · **What happens:** join, build, dig, pass, look, stand · **To what, where:** two larger pieces, two bigger parts, body, North America, Auckland, narrow isthmus

<!-- .vabout -->
«isthmus» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [isthmus in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/isthmus.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: geography — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A narrow strip of land with sea on both sides that joins two larger pieces of land.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:isthmus:m1:1
# text = A narrow strip of land with sea on both sides that joins two larger pieces of land.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	narrow	narrow	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	strip	strip	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	land	land	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
6	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
8	on	on	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	both	both	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	10	det	_	_
10	sides	side	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod	_	_
11	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	12	nsubj	_	_
12	joins	join	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	acl	_	_
13	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	15	nummod	_	_
14	larger	large	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	15	amod	_	_
15	pieces	piece	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obj	_	_
16	of	of	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	land	land	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **join** | present | a narrow strip of land with sea on both sides | two larger pieces of land |  |  |  |  | vn mix-22.1-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent piece=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: science — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A narrow part joining two bigger parts in the body or in a plant.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:isthmus:m2:1
# text = A narrow part joining two bigger parts in the body or in a plant.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	narrow	narrow	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	part	part	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	joining	join	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	acl	_	_
5	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	7	nummod	_	_
6	bigger	big	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	7	amod	_	_
7	parts	part	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
11	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
12	in	in	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	plant	plant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **join** | gerund | a narrow part *not said here* | two bigger parts |  | the body or a plant |  |  | vn mix-22.1-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent part=Patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Isthmus of Panama joins North America and South America.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:isthmus:x1:1
# text = The Isthmus of Panama joins North America and South America.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Isthmus	Isthmus	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	Panama	Panama	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	joins	join	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	North	North	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	America	America	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
9	South	South	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	America	America	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **join** | present | the Isthmus of Panama | North America and South America |  |  |  |  | vn mix-22.1-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent america=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Auckland is built on a narrow isthmus.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:isthmus:x2:1
# text = Auckland is built on a narrow isthmus.
1	Auckland	Auckland	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	built	build	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	narrow	narrow	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	isthmus	isthmus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **build** | present · passive |  | Auckland |  | a narrow isthmus |  |  | vn base-97.1 «NP V NP PP.source»: subject=Theme on isthmus=Source |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A canal was dug across the isthmus so ships could pass.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:isthmus:x3:1
# text = A canal was dug across the isthmus so ships could pass.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	canal	canal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	dug	dig	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	across	across	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	isthmus	isthmus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
8	so	so	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
9	ships	ship	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nsubj	_	_
10	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
11	pass	pass	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **dig** | past · passive |  | a canal |  | the isthmus |  |  | vn poke-19-1-1-1 «NP V NP.theme»: subject=Theme |
| 2 | **pass** | could | ships |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
On the map, the isthmus looks like a thin bridge of land.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:isthmus:x4:1
# text = On the map, the isthmus looks like a thin bridge of land.
1	On	on	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	map	map	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	isthmus	isthmus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
7	looks	look	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	like	like	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	thin	thin	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	bridge	bridge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	land	land	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **look** | present | the isthmus |  |  |  |  | like a thin bridge of land; on the map | vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent on map=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The castle stood at the end of a rocky isthmus.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:isthmus:x5:1
# text = The castle stood at the end of a rocky isthmus.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	castle	castle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	stood	stand	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	at	at	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	end	end	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	rocky	rocky	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	isthmus	isthmus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stand** | past | the castle |  |  |  | at the end of a rocky isthmus |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent at end=Location |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
At high tide the isthmus almost disappears under the waves.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:isthmus:x6:1
# text = At high tide the isthmus almost disappears under the waves.
1	At	at	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	high	high	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	tide	tide	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	isthmus	isthmus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
6	almost	almost	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	disappears	disappear	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	under	under	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	waves	wave	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **disappear** | present | the isthmus |  |  | high tide |  | under the waves; almost *property* | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An isthmus joins two lands; a strait joins two seas.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:isthmus:x7:1
# text = An isthmus joins two lands; a strait joins two seas.
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	isthmus	isthmus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	joins	join	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
5	lands	land	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	9	punct	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	strait	strait	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
9	joins	join	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
10	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	11	nummod	_	_
11	seas	sea	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **join** | present | a isthmus | two lands |  |  |  |  | vn mix-22.1-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent land=Patient |
| 2 | **join** | present | a strait | two seas |  |  |  |  | vn mix-22.1-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sea=Patient |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
At the isthmus of Corinth he was opposed by Atreus, the son of Pelops, who at the death of Eurystheus had inherited the kingdom.

<!-- fold The tree, 24 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:isthmus:x8:1
# text = At the isthmus of Corinth he was opposed by Atreus, the son of Pelops, who at the death of Eurystheus had inherited the kingdom.
1	At	at	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	isthmus	isthmus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	Corinth	Corinth	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
6	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
7	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux:pass	_	_
8	opposed	oppose	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
9	by	by	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	Atreus	Atreus	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	son	son	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	appos	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	Pelops	Pelops	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
17	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	24	nsubj	_	_
18	at	at	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	death	death	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	obl	_	_
21	of	of	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
22	Eurystheus	Eurystheus	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	24	obl	_	_
23	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	24	aux	_	_
24	inherited	inherit	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	13	acl:relcl	_	_
25	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
26	kingdom	kingdom	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **oppose** | past · passive | Atreus | Corinth |  | the isthmus of Corinth |  |  | vn amalgamate-22.2-3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Patient |
| 2 | **inherit** | past · perfect | the son of Pelops | the kingdom |  | the death |  | of Eurystheus | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent kingdom=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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