---
title: josh — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «josh» in the school dictionary: Josh is a boy's name, often short for Joshua. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# josh

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Josh, old word, you, I · **What happens:** be, tease, joke, have, give, save · **To what, where:** name, old word, someone, friendly joking way, 24 cards, half

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«josh» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [josh in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/josh.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Josh is a boy's name, often short for Joshua.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:josh:m1:1
# text = Josh is a boy's name, often short for Joshua.
1	Josh	Josh	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	boy	boy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	's	's	PART	POS	_	4	case	_	_
6	name	name	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	often	often	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
9	short	short	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
10	for	for	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	Joshua	Joshua	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Josh | a boy's name |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To josh is an old word for teasing someone in a friendly, joking way.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:josh:m2:1
# text = To josh is an old word for teasing someone in a friendly, joking way.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	josh	josh	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
8	teasing	tease	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	acl	_	_
9	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	8	obj	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
12	friendly	friendly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
14	joking	joke	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	15	amod	_	_
15	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | josh | a old word |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **tease** | gerund | a old word *not said here* | someone |  | a friendly joking way |  |  | vn bully-59.5 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent someone=Patient |
| 3 | **joke** *speech: other* | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn chit\_chat-37.6 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Josh has 24 cards.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:josh:x1:1
# text = Josh has 24 cards.
1	Josh	Josh	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	24	24	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	cards	card	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Josh | 24 cards |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent card=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Josh gives half to his brother.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:josh:x2:1
# text = Josh gives half to his brother.
1	Josh	Josh	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	gives	give	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	half	half	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing|NumForm=Word|NumType=Frac	2	obj	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	brother	brother	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | present | Josh | half | Josh's brother |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent half=Theme to brother=Recipient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Josh saves 2 dollars a week.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:josh:x3:1
# text = Josh saves 2 dollars a week.
1	Josh	Josh	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	saves	save	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	2	2	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	dollars	dollar	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	week	week	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **save** | present | Josh | 2 dollars |  |  | week |  | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent dollar=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Josh is the goalkeeper in our team.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:josh:x4:1
# text = Josh is the goalkeeper in our team.
1	Josh	Josh	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	goalkeeper	goalkeeper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	team	team	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Josh | the goalkeeper |  | our team |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Don't worry, I was just joshing you.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:josh:x5:1
# text = Don't worry, I was just joshing you.
1	Do	do	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	3	advmod	_	_
3	worry	worry	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
5	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
6	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
7	just	just	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	joshing	josh	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	_
9	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **worry** | imperative · do-support | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **josh** | past · progressive | I | you |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Josh and Emma built a sandcastle.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:josh:x6:1
# text = Josh and Emma built a sandcastle.
1	Josh	Josh	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	Emma	Emma	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	conj	_	_
4	built	build	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	sandcastle	sandcastle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **build** | past | Josh and Emma | a sandcastle |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sandcastle=Product |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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