---
title: judge — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «judge» in the school dictionary: A judge is the person in charge of a court of law who makes sure trials are fair and decides punishments. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# judge

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** judge, law, sure trials, person, man, judges · **What happens:** be, make, decide, charge, win, judge · **To what, where:** person, charge, punishments, court, competition, distance · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«judge» in the school dictionary: its 5 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [judge in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/judge.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A judge is the person in charge of a court of law who makes sure trials are fair and decides punishments.

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:judge:m1:1
# text = A judge is the person in charge of a court of law who makes sure trials are fair and decides punishments.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	judge	judge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	charge	charge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	court	court	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	law	law	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
13	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	14	nsubj	_	_
14	makes	make	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	acl:relcl	_	_
15	sure	sure	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	trials	trial	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	nsubj	_	_
17	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	18	cop	_	_
18	fair	fair	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	ccomp	_	_
19	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
20	decides	decide	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	conj	_	_
21	punishments	punishment	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a judge | the person |  | charge of a court of law |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **make** | present | law |  |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **is** | present | sure trials |  |  |  |  | fair *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **decide** | present | law *not said here* | punishments |  |  |  |  | vn correspond-36.1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent punishment=Topic |
| 5 | **charge** |  |  | a court of law |  |  |  |  | nom charge «act transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A judge is a person who decides who wins a competition.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:judge:m2:1
# text = A judge is a person who decides who wins a competition.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	judge	judge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
7	decides	decide	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
8	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	9	nsubj	_	_
9	wins	win	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	ccomp	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	competition	competition	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a judge | a person |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **decide** | present | a person |  |  |  |  |  | vn correspond-36.1-1 «NP V what S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **win** | present |  | a competition |  |  |  |  | vn succeed-74-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent competition=Eventuality |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To judge is to form an opinion about someone or something.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:judge:m3:1
# text = To judge is to form an opinion about someone or something.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	judge	judge	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	csubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	form	form	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	opinion	opinion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	about	about	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	7	nmod	_	_
10	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **judge** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn estimate-34.2-1-1 «NP V whether/if S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | form *property* | tree rules |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To judge a competition is to decide the winner.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:judge:m4:1
# text = To judge a competition is to decide the winner.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	judge	judge	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	advcl	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	competition	competition	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	decide	decide	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	winner	winner	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **judge** | to-infinitive |  | a competition |  |  |  |  | vn estimate-34.2-1-1 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Agent competition=Value |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | decide *property* | tree rules |

## Meaning 5 {#m5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To judge a distance, size or speed is to estimate it.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:judge:m5:1
# text = To judge a distance, size or speed is to estimate it.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	judge	judge	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	advcl	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	distance	distance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
6	size	size	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	speed	speed	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
9	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
10	to	to	PART	TO	_	11	mark	_	_
11	estimate	estimate	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
12	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **judge** | to-infinitive |  | a distance and size or speed |  |  |  |  | vn estimate-34.2-1-1 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Agent distance=Value |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | estimate *property* | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The judge said the man was guilty.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:judge:x1:1
# text = The judge said the man was guilty.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	judge	judge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
6	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
7	guilty	guilty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | the judge |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | past | the man |  |  |  |  | guilty *property* | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The judges chose her painting as the winner.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:judge:x2:1
# text = The judges chose her painting as the winner.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	judges	judge	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	chose	choose	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	painting	painting	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	as	as	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	winner	winner	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **choose** | past | the judges | her painting |  |  |  | as the winner | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent painting=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Don't judge people by their clothes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:judge:x3:1
# text = Don't judge people by their clothes.
1	Do	do	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	3	advmod	_	_
3	judge	judge	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	clothes	clothes	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **judge** | imperative · do-support | you *not said here* | people |  |  |  | by people's clothes | vn estimate-34.2-1-1 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Agent people=Value |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is hard to judge how fast a car is going.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:judge:x4:1
# text = It is hard to judge how fast a car is going.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	expl	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	judge	judge	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	7	advmod	_	_
7	fast	fast	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	11	advmod	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	car	car	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
10	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
11	going	go	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	5	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | hard *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **judge** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn estimate-34.2-1-1 «NP V whether/if S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 3 | **go** | present · progressive | a car |  |  |  |  | fast *property* | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Judging by the clouds, it will rain.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:judge:x5:1
# text = Judging by the clouds, it will rain.
1	Judging	judge	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	csubj	_	_
2	by	by	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	clouds	cloud	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
6	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
7	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
8	rain	rain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **judge** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | by the clouds | vn estimate-34.2-1-1 «NP V whether/if S»: agent=Agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
You can't judge a book by its cover.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:judge:x6:1
# text = You can't judge a book by its cover.
1	You	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
2	ca	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	4	advmod	_	_
4	judge	judge	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	book	book	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	by	by	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	cover	cover	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **judge** | can | You | a book |  |  |  | by book's cover | vn estimate-34.2-1-1 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Agent book=Value |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My dad is a judge at the dog show.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:judge:x7:1
# text = My dad is a judge at the dog show.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	dad	dad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	judge	judge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	at	at	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	dog	dog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
9	show	show	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | My dad | a judge |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **show** | infinitive | a judge *not said here* |  |  |  |  | at the dog | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Judge for yourself which answer makes sense.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:judge:x8:1
# text = Judge for yourself which answer makes sense.
1	Judge	judge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
2	for	for	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	yourself	yourself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	1	nmod	_	_
4	which	which	DET	WDT	PronType=Int	5	det	_	_
5	answer	answer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
6	makes	make	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	sense	sense	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present | Judge for yourself | sense |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset sense=Product |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"That I promise," said the judge.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:judge:x9:1
# text = "That I promise," said the judge.
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	That	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	4	nsubj	_	_
3	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
4	promise	promise	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
7	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	judge	judge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **promise** *speech: promise* *in a quote* | present | That |  |  |  |  |  | vn promise-37.13 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | the judge |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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