---
title: judicial — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «judicial» in the school dictionary: To do with judges, law courts and the way the law is applied. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# judicial

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** judicial branch, judicial system, sure trials, Supreme Court, judge, judicial review · **What happens:** do, apply, be, make up, separate, make · **To what, where:** law, part, judicial branch, USA, judicial decision, pressure

<!-- .vabout -->
«judicial» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [judicial in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/judicial.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: law — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To do with judges, law courts and the way the law is applied.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:judicial:m1:1
# text = To do with judges, law courts and the way the law is applied.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	do	do	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	with	with	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	judges	judge	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
6	law	law	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	courts	court	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	conj	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl:unmarked	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	law	law	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nsubj:pass	_	_
13	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	aux:pass	_	_
14	applied	apply	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **do** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | with judges and law courts | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **apply** | present · passive |  | the law |  |  |  | the way *obl:unmarked* | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: law — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Done by a court or a judge, as in a judicial decision.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:judicial:m2:1
# text = Done by a court or a judge, as in a judicial decision.
1	Done	do	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
2	by	by	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	court	court	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	judge	judge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
9	as	as	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
12	judicial	judicial	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	decision	decision	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **do** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | by a court or a judge; as a judicial decision | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: law — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The judicial branch of government is the part made up of courts, separate from the lawmakers and the government.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:judicial:m3:1
# text = The judicial branch of government is the part made up of courts, separate from the lawmakers and the government.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	judicial	judicial	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	branch	branch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	government	government	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	part	part	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
9	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	acl	_	_
10	up	up	ADP	RP	_	9	compound:prt	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	courts	court	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
14	separate	separate	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	parataxis	_	_
15	from	from	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	lawmakers	lawmaker	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obl	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	government	government	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the judicial branch of government | the part |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **make up** | participle |  | the part *not said here* |  |  |  | of courts | vn comprise-107.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **separate** | present |  |  |  |  |  | from the lawmakers and the government | vn separate-23.1-1-1 «NP V ADVP-Middle PP»: agent=Patient from lawmaker=Co-Patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The judicial system makes sure trials are fair.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:judicial:x1:1
# text = The judicial system makes sure trials are fair.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	judicial	judicial	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	system	system	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	makes	make	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	sure	sure	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	trials	trial	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj	_	_
7	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
8	fair	fair	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present | the judicial system |  |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |
| 2 | **is** | present | sure trials |  |  |  |  | fair *property* | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In the USA, the Supreme Court leads the judicial branch.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:judicial:x2:1
# text = In the USA, the Supreme Court leads the judicial branch.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	USA	USA	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	Supreme	Supreme	ADJ	NNP	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	Court	Court	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
8	leads	lead	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	judicial	judicial	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	branch	branch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lead** | present | the Supreme Court | the judicial branch |  | the USA |  |  | vn accompany-51.7 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent branch=Theme in usa=Destination |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The judge made a judicial decision.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:judicial:x3:1
# text = The judge made a judicial decision.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	judge	judge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	judicial	judicial	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	decision	decision	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | the judge | a judicial decision |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset decision=Product |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A judicial review checks if the government followed the law.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:judicial:x4:1
# text = A judicial review checks if the government followed the law.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	judicial	judicial	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	review	review	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	checks	check	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	if	if	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	government	government	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
8	followed	follow	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	ccomp	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	law	law	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **check** | present | a judicial review |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **follow** *a condition, not said to happen* | past | the government | the law |  |  |  |  | vn chase-51.6 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent law=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Judges must be free from pressure, so the judicial system is independent.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:judicial:x5:1
# text = Judges must be free from pressure, so the judicial system is independent.
1	Judges	judge	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
2	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	cop	_	_
4	free	free	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	from	from	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	pressure	pressure	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
8	so	so	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	judicial	judicial	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	system	system	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	_
12	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	cop	_	_
13	independent	independent	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | must | Judges |  |  | pressure |  | free *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | present | the judicial system |  |  |  |  | independent *property* | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We drew a poster of the three branches: legislative, executive and judicial.

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:judicial:x6:1
# text = We drew a poster of the three branches: legislative, executive and judicial.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	drew	draw	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	poster	poster	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	three	three	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
8	branches	branch	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	_
10	legislative	legislative	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
12	executive	executive	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	conj	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	judicial	judicial	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **draw** | past | We | a poster of the three branches |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent poster=Theme |
| 2 | **post** |  |  | the three branches |  |  |  |  | nom poster «communication transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The case went through a long judicial process.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:judicial:x7:1
# text = The case went through a long judicial process.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	case	case	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	through	through	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
6	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
7	judicial	judicial	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	process	process	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go** | past | the case |  |  | a long judicial process |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme through process=Initial\_Location |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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