---
title: jungle — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «jungle» in the school dictionary: A thick, warm, wet forest in a hot country, full of trees, plants and animals. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# jungle

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** that, garden, people, place, Monkeys, Tigers · **What happens:** be, get through, compete, swing, live, play · **To what, where:** jungle, trees, jungles, jungle gym, concrete jungle, explorers

<!-- .vabout -->
«jungle» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [jungle in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/jungle.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A thick, warm, wet forest in a hot country, full of trees, plants and animals.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:jungle:m1:1
# text = A thick, warm, wet forest in a hot country, full of trees, plants and animals.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
2	thick	thick	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	warm	warm	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	wet	wet	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	forest	forest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	hot	hot	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	country	country	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	full	full	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	trees	tree	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
17	plants	plant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	conj	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
19	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A place that is wild, messy or hard to get through (the garden is a jungle).

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:jungle:m2:1
# text = A place that is wild, messy or hard to get through (the garden is a jungle).
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	5	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	wild	wild	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
7	messy	messy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	conj	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	conj	_	_
10	to	to	PART	TO	_	11	mark	_	_
11	get	get	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	xcomp	_	_
12	through	through	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
13	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	garden	garden	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nsubj	_	_
16	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	18	cop	_	_
17	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	jungle	jungle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | that |  |  |  |  | wild *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** |  | that *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **be** |  | that *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **get through** | to-infinitive | that *not said here* |  |  |  |  | through *property* | vn cope-83-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 5 | **is a** | present | the garden | a jungle |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A place where people compete hard and roughly (it's a jungle out there).

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:jungle:m3:1
# text = A place where people compete hard and roughly (it's a jungle out there).
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	5	advmod	_	_
4	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
5	compete	compete	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	acl:relcl	_	_
6	hard	hard	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	5	advmod	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	roughly	roughly	ADV	RB	_	6	conj	_	_
9	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	's	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	cop	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	jungle	jungle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	_
14	out	out	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	_
15	there	there	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	13	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **compete** | present | people |  |  |  |  | hard *property* | vn battle-36.4 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is a** | present | place | a jungle |  | there |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Monkeys swing through the trees of the jungle.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:jungle:x1:1
# text = Monkeys swing through the trees of the jungle.
1	Monkeys	monkey	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	swing	swing	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	through	through	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	trees	tree	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	jungle	jungle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **swing** | present | Monkeys |  |  | the trees of the jungle |  |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Theme through tree=Trajectory |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Tigers live in the jungles of India.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:jungle:x2:1
# text = Tigers live in the jungles of India.
1	Tigers	tiger	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	live	live	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	jungles	jungle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	India	India	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **live** | present | Tigers |  |  | the jungles of India |  |  | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in jungle=Location |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our back garden is a jungle after the summer.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:jungle:x3:1
# text = Our back garden is a jungle after the summer.
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	back	back	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	garden	garden	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	jungle	jungle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	after	after	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	summer	summer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Our back garden | a jungle |  |  | summer |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We played on the jungle gym at break (US).

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:jungle:x4:1
# text = We played on the jungle gym at break (US).
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	played	play	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	jungle	jungle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	gym	gym	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
7	at	at	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	break	break	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
9	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	US	US	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **play** | past | We |  |  | the jungle gym |  | at break | vn performance-26.7-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The city is a concrete jungle.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:jungle:x5:1
# text = The city is a concrete jungle.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	concrete	concrete	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	jungle	jungle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the city | a concrete jungle |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The explorers got lost in the jungle.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:jungle:x6:1
# text = The explorers got lost in the jungle.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	explorers	explorer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	got	get	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	lost	lose	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	jungle	jungle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lose** | past · passive |  | the explorers |  | the jungle |  |  | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Eventuality |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It rains almost every day in the jungle.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:jungle:x7:1
# text = It rains almost every day in the jungle.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	rains	rain	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	almost	almost	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
4	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	5	det	_	_
5	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	jungle	jungle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rain** | present | It |  |  | the jungle | day |  | vn weather-57 «It V PP.theme» |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I had never seen the jungle.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:jungle:x8:1
# text = I had never seen the jungle.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
2	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	4	advmod	_	_
4	seen	see	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	jungle	jungle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **see** | past · perfect | I | the jungle |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer jungle=Stimulus |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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