---
title: kale — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «kale» in the school dictionary: Kale is a leafy green vegetable in the cabbage family, with curly or flat dark leaves. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# kale

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Kale, Kail, Mum, Curly kale, We, Dad · **What happens:** be, put, grow, bake, buy, love · **To what, where:** leafy green vegetable, cabbage family, old word, kale, green smoothie, frost

<!-- .vabout -->
«kale» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [kale in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/kale.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Kale is a leafy green vegetable in the cabbage family, with curly or flat dark leaves.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:kale:m1:1
# text = Kale is a leafy green vegetable in the cabbage family, with curly or flat dark leaves.
1	Kale	kale	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
4	leafy	leafy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
5	green	green	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	vegetable	vegetable	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	cabbage	cabbage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	family	family	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
12	with	with	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
13	curly	curly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
14	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	flat	flat	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	conj	_	_
16	dark	dark	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	leaves	leaf	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Kale | a leafy green vegetable and curly dark leaves |  | the cabbage family |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: Scotland, old — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Kail or kale was an old word for cabbage soup or for food in general.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:kale:m2:1
# text = Kail or kale was an old word for cabbage soup or for food in general.
1	Kail	kail	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
2	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	kale	kale	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	conj	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
5	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	for	for	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	cabbage	cabbage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	soup	soup	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
11	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
12	for	for	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	_
14	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	general	general	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | Kail or kale | a old word |  |  |  | for cabbage soup or food in general | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Mum put kale in the green smoothie.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:kale:x1:1
# text = Mum put kale in the green smoothie.
1	Mum	mum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	put	put	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	kale	kale	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	green	green	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	smoothie	smoothie	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **put** | past | Mum | kale |  | the green smoothie |  |  | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent kale=Theme in smoothie=Destination |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Curly kale grows well even in frost.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:kale:x2:1
# text = Curly kale grows well even in frost.
1	Curly	curly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	kale	kale	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	grows	grow	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	well	well	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	3	advmod	_	_
5	even	even	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	frost	frost	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **grow** | present | Curly kale |  |  | frost |  | well *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in frost=Location |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We baked kale chips with a little oil and salt.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:kale:x3:1
# text = We baked kale chips with a little oil and salt.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	baked	bake	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	kale	kale	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	chips	chip	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	oil	oil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	salt	salt	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **bake** | past | We | kale chips |  |  |  | with a little oil and salt | vn cooking-45.3 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent chip=Patient with oil=Instrument |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Kale is in the same family as broccoli and cabbage.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:kale:x4:1
# text = Kale is in the same family as broccoli and cabbage.
1	Kale	kale	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	same	same	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	family	family	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	as	as	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	broccoli	broccoli	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	cabbage	cabbage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Kale |  |  | the same family |  | as broccoli and cabbage | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Dad bought a bunch of kale at the market.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:kale:x5:1
# text = Dad bought a bunch of kale at the market.
1	Dad	dad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	bought	buy	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	bunch	bunch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	kale	kale	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
7	at	at	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	market	market	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **buy** | past | Dad | a bunch of kale |  | the market |  |  | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP PP.source NP.asset»: agent=Agent bunch=Theme at market=Asset |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Caterpillars love munching our kale.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:kale:x6:1
# text = Caterpillars love munching our kale.
1	Caterpillars	caterpillar	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	love	love	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	munching	munch	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	xcomp	_	_
4	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	kale	kale	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **love** | present | Caterpillars |  |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus |
| 2 | **munch** *not said to happen* | gerund | Caterpillars *not said here* | our kale |  |  |  |  | vn chew-39.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent kale=Patient |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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