---
title: kill — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «kill» in the school dictionary: To make a person, animal or plant die. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/K/kill/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [dictionaries](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/) / [school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/) / [K](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/K/) / kill

# kill

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** feet, you, lion, Lions, Soap, frost · **What happens:** make, cause, kill, stop, do, wait · **To what, where:** person, great pain, me, something, engine, animal

<!-- .vabout -->
«kill» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [kill in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/kill.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To make a person, animal or plant die.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:kill:m1:1
# text = To make a person, animal or plant die.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	make	make	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
6	animal	animal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
8	plant	plant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	die	die	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | to-infinitive |  | a person and animal or plant die |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset person=Product |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Informal: to cause great pain: «My feet are killing me».

<!-- fold The tree, 10 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:kill:m2:1
# text = Informal: to cause great pain: «My feet are killing me».
1	Informal	informal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	4	punct	_	_
3	to	to	PART	TO	_	4	mark	_	_
4	cause	cause	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	1	parataxis	_	_
5	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	pain	pain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	12	punct	_	_
8	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	feet	foot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nsubj	_	_
11	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	aux	_	_
12	killing	kill	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	6	conj	_	_
13	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	12	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cause** | to-infinitive |  | great pain |  |  |  |  | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition pain=Patient |
| 2 | **kill** *in a quote* | present · progressive | My feet | me |  |  |  |  | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent i=Theme |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Informal: to stop something: kill the engine, kill time (do something while you wait).

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:kill:m3:1
# text = Informal: to stop something: kill the engine, kill time (do something while you wait).
1	Informal	informal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	4	punct	_	_
3	to	to	PART	TO	_	4	mark	_	_
4	stop	stop	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	7	punct	_	_
7	kill	kill	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	engine	engine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
11	kill	kill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	compound	_	_
12	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
13	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	do	do	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	7	parataxis	_	_
15	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	14	obj	_	_
16	while	while	SCONJ	IN	_	18	mark	_	_
17	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	18	nsubj	_	_
18	wait	wait	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stop** | to-infinitive |  | something |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality something=Eventuality |
| 2 | **kill** | infinitive |  | the engine |  |  | time |  | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent engine=Theme |
| 3 | **do** | infinitive |  | something |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Eventuality |
| 4 | **wait** | present | you |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A noun: an animal killed by a hunter, such as a lion's kill.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:kill:m4:1
# text = A noun: an animal killed by a hunter, such as a lion's kill.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	noun	noun	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	5	punct	_	_
4	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	animal	animal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	_
6	killed	kill	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	acl	_	_
7	by	by	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	hunter	hunter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
11	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	16	case	_	_
12	as	as	ADP	IN	_	11	fixed	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	lion	lion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	's	's	PART	POS	_	14	case	_	_
16	kill	kill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **kill** | participle |  | a animal *not said here* |  |  |  | by a hunter and a lion's kill | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **kill** |  | a lion |  |  |  |  |  | nom kill «act transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Lions kill zebras for food.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:kill:x1:1
# text = Lions kill zebras for food.
1	Lions	lion	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	kill	kill	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	zebras	zebra	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	for	for	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **kill** | present | Lions | zebras |  |  |  | for food | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent zebra=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Soap kills germs on your hands.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:kill:x2:1
# text = Soap kills germs on your hands.
1	Soap	soap	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	kills	kill	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	germs	germ	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	hands	hand	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **kill** | present | Soap | germs |  | your hands |  |  | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent germ=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The frost killed the tomato plants.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:kill:x3:1
# text = The frost killed the tomato plants.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	frost	frost	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	killed	kill	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	tomato	tomato	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	plants	plant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **kill** | past | the frost | the tomato plants |  |  |  |  | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent plant=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Electricity can kill — never touch wires.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:kill:x4:1
# text = Electricity can kill — never touch wires.
1	Electricity	electricity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	kill	kill	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	6	punct	_	_
5	never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	6	advmod	_	_
6	touch	touch	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	conj	_	_
7	wires	wire	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **kill** | can | Electricity |  |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **not** **touch** | infinitive | Electricity *not said here* | wires |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme wire=Co-Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We played cards to kill time at the airport.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:kill:x5:1
# text = We played cards to kill time at the airport.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	played	play	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	cards	card	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	kill	kill	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
6	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
7	at	at	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	airport	airport	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **play** | past | We | cards |  |  |  |  | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent card=Theme |
| 2 | **kill** | to-infinitive | We *not said here* |  |  | the airport | time |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My new shoes are killing me!

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:kill:x6:1
# text = My new shoes are killing me!
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	shoes	shoe	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
4	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	killing	kill	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
6	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **kill** | present · progressive | My new shoes | me |  |  |  |  | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent i=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Killer whales are actually large dolphins.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:kill:x7:1
# text = Killer whales are actually large dolphins.
1	Killer	killer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	whales	whale	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	actually	actually	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	dolphins	dolphin	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Killer whales | large dolphins |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Weed killer is poison, so keep away from it.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:kill:x8:1
# text = Weed killer is poison, so keep away from it.
1	Weed	weed	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	killer	killer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	poison	poison	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
6	so	so	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	keep	keep	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	acl:relcl	_	_
8	away	away	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
9	from	from	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Weed killer | poison |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **keep away** | infinitive | poison *not said here* |  |  | killer |  | away *property* | vn forbid-64.4 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Causer from it=Eventuality |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [kief](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/K/kief/)
- next →: [killer](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/K/killer/)
- ↑ back to [K in school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/K/)