---
title: kindling — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «kindling» in the school dictionary: Kindling is small dry sticks and wood used to start a fire. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# kindling

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** action, fire, you, We, They · **What happens:** kindle, be, use, start, set, gather · **To what, where:** small dry sticks, fire, action, ing form, dry kindling, kindling

<!-- .vabout -->
«kindling» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 3 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [kindling in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/kindling.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Kindling is small dry sticks and wood used to start a fire.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:kindling:m1:1
# text = Kindling is small dry sticks and wood used to start a fire.
1	Kindling	kindle	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
4	dry	dry	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	sticks	stick	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	wood	wood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
8	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	acl	_	_
9	to	to	PART	TO	_	10	mark	_	_
10	start	start	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	advcl	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	fire	fire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **kindle** | gerund |  | small dry sticks and wood |  |  |  |  | vn engender-27.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition stick=Patient |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | small *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **use** | participle |  | small dry sticks and wood *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **start** | to-infinitive |  | a fire |  |  |  |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fire=Eventuality |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Kindling is the action of setting a fire alight; it is the -ing form of kindle.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:kindling:m2:1
# text = Kindling is the action of setting a fire alight; it is the -ing form of kindle.
1	Kindling	kindle	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	action	action	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
6	setting	set	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	acl	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	fire	fire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
9	alight	alight	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	16	punct	_	_
11	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	nsubj	_	_
12	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	cop	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
14	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	ing	ing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	compound	_	_
16	form	form	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	appos	_	_
17	of	of	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	kindle	kindle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **kindle** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **is a** | present |  | the action |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **set** | gerund | the action *not said here* | a fire |  |  |  | alight *property* | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Patient fire=Result |
| 4 | **is a** | present | fire | the ing form |  |  |  | of kindle | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Gather some dry kindling for the fire.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:kindling:x1:1
# text = Gather some dry kindling for the fire.
1	Gather	gather	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	4	det	_	_
3	dry	dry	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	kindling	kindling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	fire	fire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **gather** | imperative | you *not said here* | some dry kindling |  |  |  | for the fire | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent kindling=Theme for fire=Beneficiary |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We lit the kindling with a match.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:kindling:x2:1
# text = We lit the kindling with a match.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	lit	light	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	kindling	kindling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	match	match	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **light** | past | We | the kindling |  |  |  | with a match | vn preparing-26.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent kindling=Product with match=Material |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
They spent the evening kindling a fire of driftwood.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:kindling:x3:1
# text = They spent the evening kindling a fire of driftwood.
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	spent	spend	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	evening	evening	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	kindling	kindle	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	fire	fire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	driftwood	driftwood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **spend** | past | They |  |  |  | evening |  | vn consume-66-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **kindle** | gerund | They *not said here* | a fire of driftwood |  |  |  |  | vn engender-27.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition fire=Patient |
| 3 | **fire** |  |  | driftwood |  |  |  |  | nom fire «event transitive»: of=patient |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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