---
title: kopje — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «kopje» in the school dictionary: A small hill, usually rocky, standing alone on flat open land (the veld). Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# kopje

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** It, lions, kopje, we, soldiers, Baboons · **What happens:** stand, come, mean, lay, watch, be · **To what, where:** flat open land, Afrikaans, little head, top, plain, small rocky hill

<!-- .vabout -->
«kopje» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [kopje in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/kopje.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: South Africa — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A small hill, usually rocky, standing alone on flat open land (the veld).

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:kopje:m1:1
# text = A small hill, usually rocky, standing alone on flat open land (the veld).
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	hill	hill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	usually	usually	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	rocky	rocky	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	standing	stand	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	6	advcl	_	_
9	alone	alone	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
10	on	on	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
11	flat	flat	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
12	open	open	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	land	land	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
14	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	veld	veld	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stand** | gerund |  |  |  | flat open land |  | alone *property* | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on land=Location |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It comes from Afrikaans and Dutch, meaning «little head».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:kopje:m2:1
# text = It comes from Afrikaans and Dutch, meaning «little head».
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	comes	come	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	from	from	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	Afrikaans	Afrikaans	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	Dutch	dutch	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	meaning	mean	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
9	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	head	head	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | present | It |  |  | Afrikaans |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from afrikaans=Initial\_Location |
| 2 | **mean** | gerund |  | little head |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent head=Topic |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The lions lay on top of the kopje, watching the plain.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:kopje:x1:1
# text = The lions lay on top of the kopje, watching the plain.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	lions	lion	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	lay	lay	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	top	top	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	kopje	kopje	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
10	watching	watch	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	plain	plain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lay** | present | the lions |  |  | top of the kopje |  |  | vn put\_spatial-9.2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent on top=Destination |
| 2 | **watch** | gerund | the lions *not said here* | the plain |  |  |  |  | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent plain=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A kopje is a small rocky hill in South Africa.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:kopje:x2:1
# text = A kopje is a small rocky hill in South Africa.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	kopje	kopje	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
6	rocky	rocky	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	hill	hill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	South	South	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	Africa	Africa	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a kopje | a small rocky hill |  | South Africa |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
From the kopje, we could see the whole valley.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:kopje:x3:1
# text = From the kopje, we could see the whole valley.
1	From	from	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	kopje	kopje	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
6	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
7	see	see	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	whole	whole	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	valley	valley	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **see** | could | we | the whole valley |  | the kopje |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer valley=Stimulus |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The soldiers hid behind a kopje.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:kopje:x4:1
# text = The soldiers hid behind a kopje.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	soldiers	soldier	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	hid	hide	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	behind	behind	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	kopje	kopje	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hide** | past | the soldiers |  |  | a kopje |  |  | vn concealment-16-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent behind kopje=Location |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Baboons climbed over the rocks of the kopje.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:kopje:x5:1
# text = Baboons climbed over the rocks of the kopje.
1	Baboons	baboon	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	climbed	climb	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	over	over	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	rocks	rock	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	kopje	kopje	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **climb** | past | Baboons |  |  | the rocks of the kopje |  |  | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme over rock=Trajectory |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The safari truck stopped near a kopje at sunset.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:kopje:x6:1
# text = The safari truck stopped near a kopje at sunset.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	safari	safari	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	truck	truck	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	stopped	stop	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	near	near	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	kopje	kopje	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
8	at	at	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	sunset	sunset	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stop** | past | the safari truck |  |  | a kopje | sunset |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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