---
title: kudu — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «kudu» in the school dictionary: A large African antelope with grey-brown fur and thin white stripes; the males have long, spiral, twisted horns. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# kudu

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** males, two kinds, kudu, We, three kudu, lion · **What happens:** have, be, see, drink, eat, stalk · **To what, where:** long spiral twisted horns, amazing spiral horns, three kudu, waterhole, leaves, bushes

<!-- .vabout -->
«kudu» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [kudu in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/kudu.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A large African antelope with grey-brown fur and thin white stripes; the males have long, spiral, twisted horns.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:kudu:m1:1
# text = A large African antelope with grey-brown fur and thin white stripes; the males have long, spiral, twisted horns.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
2	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
3	African	African	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	antelope	antelope	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
6	grey	grey	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	brown	brown	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	fur	fur	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
11	thin	thin	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
12	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	stripes	stripe	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	17	punct	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	males	male	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	nsubj	_	_
17	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	parataxis	_	_
18	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
20	spiral	spiral	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
22	twisted	twisted	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
23	horns	horn	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the males | long spiral twisted horns |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent horn=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
There are two kinds: the greater kudu and the lesser kudu.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:kudu:m2:1
# text = There are two kinds: the greater kudu and the lesser kudu.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	are	be	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	kinds	kind	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	8	punct	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	greater	great	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	8	amod	_	_
8	kudu	kudu	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	appos	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	lesser	less	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	12	amod	_	_
12	kudu	kudu	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **does** | present | two kinds |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The kudu has amazing spiral horns.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:kudu:x1:1
# text = The kudu has amazing spiral horns.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	kudu	kudu	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	amazing	amazing	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
5	spiral	spiral	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	horns	horn	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the kudu | amazing spiral horns |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent horn=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We saw three kudu drinking at the waterhole.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:kudu:x2:1
# text = We saw three kudu drinking at the waterhole.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	three	three	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	kudu	kudu	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	drinking	drink	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	acl	_	_
6	at	at	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	waterhole	waterhole	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **see** | past | We | three kudu |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer kudu=Stimulus |
| 2 | **drink** | gerund | three kudu *not said here* |  |  | the waterhole |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Kudu eat leaves from bushes and trees.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:kudu:x3:1
# text = Kudu eat leaves from bushes and trees.
1	Kudu	kudu	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	eat	eat	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	leaves	leaf	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	from	from	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	bushes	bush	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	trees	tree	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **eat** | present | Kudu | leaves |  | bushes and trees |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent leaf=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A lion was stalking a kudu in the long grass.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:kudu:x4:1
# text = A lion was stalking a kudu in the long grass.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	lion	lion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	stalking	stalk	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	kudu	kudu	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	grass	grass	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stalk** | past · progressive | a lion | a kudu |  | the long grass |  |  | vn stalk-35.3 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent kudu=Theme in grass=Location |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Female kudu do not have horns.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:kudu:x5:1
# text = Female kudu do not have horns.
1	Female	female	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	kudu	kudu	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
3	do	do	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
4	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	5	advmod	_	_
5	have	have	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	horns	horn	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **have** | present · do-support | Female kudu | horns |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent horn=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The kudu jumped over a two-metre fence.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:kudu:x6:1
# text = The kudu jumped over a two-metre fence.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	kudu	kudu	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	jumped	jump	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	over	over	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
6	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	metre	metre	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	fence	fence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **jump** | past | the kudu |  |  | a metre fence |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme over fence=Trajectory |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In the food chain, kudu are herbivores.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:kudu:x7:1
# text = In the food chain, kudu are herbivores.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	chain	chain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
6	kudu	kudu	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
7	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
8	herbivores	herbivore	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present |  | herbivores |  | the food chain and kudu |  |  | tree rules |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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