---
title: lace — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «lace» in the school dictionary: A lace (or shoelace) is a thin string used to tie a shoe or boot. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# lace

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** lace, holes, you, laces, I, bride · **What happens:** be, use, tie, pattern, lace up, mean · **To what, where:** thin string, shoe, fine delicate cloth, holes, dresses, shoes · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«lace» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [lace in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/lace.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A lace (or shoelace) is a thin string used to tie a shoe or boot.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lace:m1:1
# text = A lace (or shoelace) is a thin string used to tie a shoe or boot.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	lace	lace	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
3	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	shoelace	shoelace	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	5	punct	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	thin	thin	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	string	string	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
11	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	acl	_	_
12	to	to	PART	TO	_	13	mark	_	_
13	tie	tie	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	advcl	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	shoe	shoe	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obj	_	_
16	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
17	boot	boot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a lace | a thin string |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **use** | participle |  | a thin string *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **tie** | to-infinitive |  | a shoe or boot |  |  |  |  | vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent shoe=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Lace is a fine, delicate cloth with patterns of holes, used on dresses, curtains and tablecloths.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lace:m2:1
# text = Lace is a fine, delicate cloth with patterns of holes, used on dresses, curtains and tablecloths.
1	Lace	lace	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
4	fine	fine	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	delicate	delicate	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	cloth	cloth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	with	with	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	patterns	pattern	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nmod	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	holes	hole	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	acl	_	_
14	on	on	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	dresses	dress	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
17	curtains	curtain	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	conj	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
19	tablecloths	tablecloth	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Lace | a fine delicate cloth |  |  |  | with patterns of holes | tree rules |
| 2 | **use** | participle |  | holes *not said here* |  | dresses and curtains and tablecloths |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **pattern** |  | holes |  |  |  |  |  | nom pattern «cognition intransitive»: of=agent |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To lace (up) means to tie shoes or boots with laces.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lace:m3:1
# text = To lace (up) means to tie shoes or boots with laces.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	lace	lace	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	csubj	_	_
3	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	up	up	ADP	RP	_	2	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
6	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	tie	tie	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	xcomp	_	_
9	shoes	shoe	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obj	_	_
10	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	boots	boot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	conj	_	_
12	with	with	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	laces	lace	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lace up** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn tape-22.4 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **tie** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  | shoes or boots |  |  |  | with laces | vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V NP PP.co-patient»: agent=Agent shoe=Patient with lace=Co-Patient |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To lace food or drink with something means to add a small amount of something to it, often secretly.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lace:m4:1
# text = To lace food or drink with something means to add a small amount of something to it, often secretly.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	lace	lace	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	csubj	_	_
3	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	drink	drink	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
6	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obl	_	_
8	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	to	to	PART	TO	_	10	mark	_	_
10	add	add	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	xcomp	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
12	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	amount	amount	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	13	nmod	_	_
16	to	to	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
19	often	often	ADV	RB	_	20	advmod	_	_
20	secretly	secretly	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lace** | to-infinitive |  | food or drink |  |  |  | with something | vn tape-22.4 «NP V NP PP.co-patient PP.instrument»: agent=Agent food=Patient with something=Instrument |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **add** *speech: assert* *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  | a small amount of something |  |  |  | secretly *property* | vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent amount=Patient |
| 4 | **amount** |  |  | something |  |  |  |  | nom amount «possession transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Tie your laces before you run.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lace:x1:1
# text = Tie your laces before you run.
1	Tie	tie	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
3	laces	lace	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
4	before	before	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
5	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	run	run	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **tie** | imperative | you *not said here* | your laces |  |  |  |  | vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent lace=Patient |
| 2 | **run** | present | you |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My laces came undone and I tripped.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lace:x2:1
# text = My laces came undone and I tripped.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	laces	lace	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	undone	undone	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
6	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	tripped	trip	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | past | My laces |  |  |  |  | undone *property* | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **trip** | past | I |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Can you lace up my football boots?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lace:x3:1
# text = Can you lace up my football boots?
1	Can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
2	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	lace	lace	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	up	up	ADP	RP	_	3	compound:prt	_	_
5	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
6	football	football	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	boots	boot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lace up** | can | you | my football boots |  |  |  |  | vn tape-22.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent boot=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Grandma's tablecloth is made of white lace.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lace:x4:1
# text = Grandma's tablecloth is made of white lace.
1	Grandma	grandma	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	's	's	PART	POS	_	1	case	_	_
3	tablecloth	tablecloth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	lace	lace	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present · passive |  | Grandma's tablecloth |  |  |  | of white lace | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The bride wore a veil of lace.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lace:x5:1
# text = The bride wore a veil of lace.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	bride	bride	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	wore	wear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	veil	veil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	lace	lace	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wear** | past | the bride | a veil of lace |  |  |  |  | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent veil=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She bought new pink laces for her trainers.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lace:x6:1
# text = She bought new pink laces for her trainers.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	bought	buy	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
4	pink	pink	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	laces	lace	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	trainers	trainer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **buy** | past | She | new pink laces |  |  |  | for her trainers | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent lace=Theme for trainer=Beneficiary |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The pie was laced with cinnamon.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lace:x7:1
# text = The pie was laced with cinnamon.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	pie	pie	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	laced	lace	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	cinnamon	cinnamon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lace** | past · passive |  | the pie |  |  |  | with cinnamon | vn tape-22.4 «NP V NP PP.co-patient PP.instrument»: subject=Patient with cinnamon=Instrument |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Tuck your laces in so they do not catch in the bike chain.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lace:x8:1
# text = Tuck your laces in so they do not catch in the bike chain.
1	Tuck	tuck	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
3	laces	lace	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
4	in	in	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
5	so	so	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
6	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
7	do	do	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
8	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	9	advmod	_	_
9	catch	catch	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	advcl	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
12	bike	bike	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	compound	_	_
13	chain	chain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **tuck** | imperative | you *not said here* | your laces |  |  |  |  | vn funnel-9.3-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent lace=Theme |
| 2 | **not** **catch** | present · do-support | laces *= lace* |  |  | the bike chain |  |  | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In white crape and lace she was like a floating swan.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lace:x9:1
# text = In white crape and lace she was like a floating swan.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	crape	crape	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	lace	lace	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
6	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
7	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
8	like	like	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	floating	float	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	11	amod	_	_
11	swan	swan	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **float** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **is** | past | she |  |  | white crape and lace |  | like a floating swan | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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