---
title: lagging — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «lagging» in the school dictionary: Lagging means falling behind, moving more slowly than others. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/L/lagging/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [dictionaries](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/) / [school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/) / [L](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/L/) / lagging

# lagging

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Lagging, lagging game, connection, little brother, you, pipes · **What happens:** mean, fall behind, move, be, wrap, keep in · **To what, where:** Lagging material, pipes, heat, boilers, walk

<!-- .vabout -->
«lagging» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [lagging in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/lagging.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Lagging means falling behind, moving more slowly than others.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lagging:m1:1
# text = Lagging means falling behind, moving more slowly than others.
1	Lagging	lagging	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	falling	fall	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	xcomp	_	_
4	behind	behind	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
6	moving	move	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	_
7	more	more	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	8	advmod	_	_
8	slowly	slowly	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
9	than	than	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	others	other	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Lagging |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **fall behind** *not said to happen* | gerund | Lagging *not said here* |  |  |  |  | behind *property* | vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **move** | gerund | Lagging *not said here* |  |  |  |  | than others; slowly *property* | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Lagging is material wrapped around pipes, tanks or boilers to keep heat in and stop them freezing.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lagging:m2:1
# text = Lagging is material wrapped around pipes, tanks or boilers to keep heat in and stop them freezing.
1	Lagging	lagging	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	material	material	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	wrapped	wrap	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl	_	_
5	around	around	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	pipes	pipe	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	tanks	tank	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	conj	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	boilers	boiler	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	conj	_	_
11	to	to	PART	TO	_	12	mark	_	_
12	keep	keep	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	advcl	_	_
13	heat	heat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	_
14	in	in	ADP	RP	_	12	compound:prt	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	stop	stop	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	12	conj	_	_
17	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	obj	_	_
18	freezing	freeze	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	16	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present |  | Lagging material |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **wrap** | participle |  | Lagging material *not said here* |  | pipes and tanks or boilers |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V PP.destination»: agent=Theme around pipe=Destination |
| 3 | **keep in** | to-infinitive |  | heat |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent heat=Theme |
| 4 | **stop** | infinitive |  | boilers *= boiler* |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 5 | **freeze** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: computing, informal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A lagging game or video call is slow and jerky because the connection or computer cannot keep up.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lagging:m3:1
# text = A lagging game or video call is slow and jerky because the connection or computer cannot keep up.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	lagging	lagging	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	game	game	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
5	video	video	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	call	call	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
8	slow	slow	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	jerky	jerky	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	conj	_	_
11	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	18	mark	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	connection	connection	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nsubj	_	_
14	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	computer	computer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	conj	_	_
16	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	18	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	18	advmod	_	_
18	keep	keep	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	advcl	_	_
19	up	up	ADP	RP	_	18	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | a lagging game or video call |  |  |  |  | slow *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** |  | a lagging game or video call *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **not** **keep up** | can | the connection or computer |  |  |  |  |  | vn sustain-55.6 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My little brother was lagging behind on the walk.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lagging:x1:1
# text = My little brother was lagging behind on the walk.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	brother	brother	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	lagging	lag	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
6	behind	behind	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
7	on	on	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	walk	walk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lag behind** | past · progressive | My little brother |  |  | the walk |  | behind *property* | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Put lagging on the pipes so they don't freeze in winter.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lagging:x2:1
# text = Put lagging on the pipes so they don't freeze in winter.
1	Put	put	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	lagging	lag	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	1	xcomp	_	_
3	on	on	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	pipes	pipe	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
6	so	so	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
7	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
8	do	do	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	10	advmod	_	_
10	freeze	freeze	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
11	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	winter	winter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **put** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **lag** | gerund | you *not said here* |  |  | the pipes |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **not** **freeze** | present · do-support | pipes *= pipe* |  |  |  | winter |  | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The game is lagging because the Wi-Fi is slow.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lagging:x3:1
# text = The game is lagging because the Wi-Fi is slow.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	game	game	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	lagging	lag	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
7	Wi	Wi	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	Fi	fi	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
10	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
11	slow	slow	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lag** | present · progressive | the game |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | present | the Wi Fi |  |  |  |  | slow *property* | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our team is lagging in the league this season.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lagging:x4:1
# text = Our team is lagging in the league this season.
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	team	team	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	lagging	lag	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	league	league	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
8	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	9	det	_	_
9	season	season	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lag** | present · progressive | Our team |  |  |  | season | in the league | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The lagging around the hot water tank keeps the heat in.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lagging:x5:1
# text = The lagging around the hot water tank keeps the heat in.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	lagging	lagging	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	around	around	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	hot	hot	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
6	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	tank	tank	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
8	keeps	keep	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	heat	heat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	in	in	ADP	RP	_	8	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **keep in** | present | the lagging around the hot water tank | the heat |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent heat=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Stop lagging and hurry up!

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lagging:x6:1
# text = Stop lagging and hurry up!
1	Stop	stop	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	lagging	lag	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	1	xcomp	_	_
3	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	hurry	hurry	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	1	conj	_	_
5	up	up	ADP	RP	_	4	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stop** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Affector clause=Eventuality |
| 2 | **lag** | gerund | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **hurry up** | infinitive | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The video call was lagging, so her face froze.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lagging:x7:1
# text = The video call was lagging, so her face froze.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	video	video	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	call	call	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	lagging	lag	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
7	so	so	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
8	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	face	face	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
10	froze	freeze	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lag** | past · progressive | the video call |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **freeze** | past | call's face |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It always went too fast, but that is better than to be lagging behind.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lagging:x8:1
# text = It always went too fast, but that is better than to be lagging behind.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	always	always	ADV	RB	PronType=Tot	3	advmod	_	_
3	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	too	too	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	fast	fast	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	3	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
7	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
8	that	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	10	nsubj	_	_
9	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
10	better	good	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	3	parataxis	_	_
11	than	than	SCONJ	IN	_	14	mark	_	_
12	to	to	PART	TO	_	14	mark	_	_
13	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	14	aux	_	_
14	lagging	lag	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	10	advcl	_	_
15	behind	behind	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go** | past | It |  |  |  |  | always, fast *property* | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **is** | present | that |  |  |  |  | good *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **lag behind** | to-infinitive · progressive | that *not said here* |  |  |  |  | behind *property* | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [lag](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/L/lag/)
- next →: [lagomorph](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/L/lagomorph/)
- ↑ back to [L in school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/L/)