---
title: lament — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «lament» in the school dictionary: To lament is to show or say strongly that you are very sad or sorry about something, often someone's death. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# lament

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** you, someone, lament, it, villagers, kind old doctor · **What happens:** lament, be, say, die, regret, happen · **To what, where:** sad song, something, death, lament, funeral, Grandad laments · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«lament» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [lament in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/lament.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To lament is to show or say strongly that you are very sad or sorry about something, often someone's death.

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lament:m1:1
# text = To lament is to show or say strongly that you are very sad or sorry about something, often someone's death.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	lament	lament	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	csubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	show	show	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	say	say	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	conj	_	_
8	strongly	strongly	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
9	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	13	mark	_	_
10	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
11	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	cop	_	_
12	very	very	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
13	sad	sad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	ccomp	_	_
14	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	sorry	sorry	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	conj	_	_
16	about	about	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	15	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
19	often	often	ADV	RB	_	22	advmod	_	_
20	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	22	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	's	's	PART	POS	_	20	case	_	_
22	death	death	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lament** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | show *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **say** *speech: assert* | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | strongly *property* | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **is** | present | you |  |  |  |  | sad *property* | tree rules |
| 5 | **be** |  | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  | about something | tree rules |
| 6 | **die** |  | someone |  |  |  |  |  | nom death «event intransitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A lament is a sad song, poem or piece of music about loss or death.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lament:m2:1
# text = A lament is a sad song, poem or piece of music about loss or death.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	lament	lament	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	sad	sad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	song	song	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	poem	poem	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	appos	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	piece	piece	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	music	music	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	_
13	about	about	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	loss	loss	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	_
15	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	death	death	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a lament | a sad song |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To lament something is to complain or regret that it happened or is missing.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lament:m3:1
# text = To lament something is to complain or regret that it happened or is missing.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	lament	lament	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	advcl	_	_
3	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	complain	complain	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	regret	regret	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	6	conj	_	_
9	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
10	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
11	happened	happen	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	ccomp	_	_
12	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
13	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	cop	_	_
14	missing	missing	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lament** | to-infinitive |  | something |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer something=Stimulus |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | complain *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **regret** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus |
| 4 | **happen** | past | it |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 5 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | missing *property* | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The villagers lamented the death of their kind old doctor.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lament:x1:1
# text = The villagers lamented the death of their kind old doctor.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	villagers	villager	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	lamented	lament	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	death	death	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
7	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
8	kind	kind	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
9	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	doctor	doctor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lament** | past | the villagers | the death of villagers's kind old doctor |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer death=Stimulus |
| 2 | **die** |  | villagers's kind old doctor |  |  |  |  |  | nom death «event intransitive»: of=agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A piper played a lament at the funeral.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lament:x2:1
# text = A piper played a lament at the funeral.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	piper	piper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	played	play	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	lament	lament	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	at	at	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	funeral	funeral	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **play** | past | a piper | a lament |  | the funeral |  |  | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent lament=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
David sang a lament for his friend Jonathan.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lament:x3:1
# text = David sang a lament for his friend Jonathan.
1	David	David	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	sang	sing	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	lament	lament	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	friend	friend	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
8	Jonathan	Jonathan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sing** *speech: express* | past | David | a lament |  |  |  | for David's friend | vn performance-26.7-1 «NP V NP PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent lament=Theme for friend=Beneficiary |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Grandad laments that children don't play outside anymore.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lament:x4:1
# text = Grandad laments that children don't play outside anymore.
1	Grandad	Grandad	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	laments	lament	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	7	obj	_	_
4	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
5	do	do	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	7	advmod	_	_
7	play	play	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	acl:relcl	_	_
8	outside	outside	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
9	anymore	anymore	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **play** | present · do-support | children | Grandad laments |  |  |  | anymore, outside *property* | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent that=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The poem is a lament for the lost forests.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lament:x5:1
# text = The poem is a lament for the lost forests.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	poem	poem	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	lament	lament	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	lost	lose	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	amod	_	_
9	forests	forest	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the poem | a lament |  |  |  | for the lost forests | tree rules |
| 2 | **lose** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Many readers lamented the end of the series.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lament:x6:1
# text = Many readers lamented the end of the series.
1	Many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	readers	reader	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	lamented	lament	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	end	end	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	series	series	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lament** | past | Many readers | the end of the series |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer end=Stimulus |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
All night Charming sighed and lamented.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lament:x7:1
# text = All night Charming sighed and lamented.
1	All	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	2	det	_	_
2	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl:unmarked	_	_
3	Charming	Charming	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	sighed	sigh	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	lamented	lament	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sigh** | past | Charming |  |  |  | night |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **lament** | participle | Charming *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Experiencer |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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